France

French Republic République française (French)
Flag Coat of arms[I]
Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" ("Liberty, Equality, Fraternity")
Anthem: "La Marseillaise"
Diplomatic emblem
France on the globe centred on Europe Metropolitan France (European part of France) in Europe France and its neighbors Show France, its overseas territories and its exclusive economic zones Location of France (blue or dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)
Capital and largest city	Paris 48°51′N 2°21′E / 48.850°N 2.350°E / 48.850; 2.350
Official language and national language	French[II]
Nationality (2021)[3]	92.2% French 7.8% other
Religion (2021) semi-presidential republic
• President	Emmanuel Macron
• Prime Minister	Michel Barnier
• President of the Senate	Gérard Larcher
• President of the National Assembly	Yaël Braun-Pivet
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	National Assembly
Establishment
• Kingdom of the West Franks – Treaty of Verdun	10 August 843
• French Republic – French First Republic	22 September 1792
• Current constitution – French Fifth Republic	4 October 1958
106th)
• Metropolitan France, estimate as of January 2024[update]	66,142,961[9] (23rd)
• Density	122/km2 (316.0/sq mi) (89th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$4.359 trillion[10] (10th)
• Per capita	$65,940[10] (26th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$3.174 trillion[10] (7th)
• Per capita	$48,011[10] (23rd)
Gini (2022)	29.8[11] low inequality
HDI (2022)	0.910[12] very high (28th)
Currency	Euro (€) (EUR)[V] CFP franc (XPF)[VI]
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET[VII])
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Calling code	+33[VIII]
ISO 3166 code	FR
Internet TLD	.fr[IX]
Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km2 (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The World Factbook reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).

France,

Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or "realm of the Franks".^[13] The name of the Franks is related to the English word frank ("free"): the latter stems from the Old French franc ("free, noble, sincere"), and ultimately from the Medieval Latin word francus ("free, exempt from service; freeman, Frank"), a generalisation of the tribal name that emerged as a Late Latin borrowing of the reconstructed Frankish endonym *Frank.^[14][15] It has been suggested that the meaning "free" was adopted because, after the conquest of Gaul, only Franks were free of taxation,^[16] or more generally because they had the status of freemen in contrast to servants or slaves.^[15] The etymology of *Frank is uncertain. It is traditionally derived from the Proto-Germanic word *frankōn, which translates as "javelin" or "lance" (the throwing axe of the Franks was known as the francisca),^[17] although these weapons may have been named because of their use by the Franks, not the other way around.^[15]

In English, 'France' is pronounced /fræns/ FRANSS in American English and /frɑːns/ FRAHNSS or /fræns/ FRANSS in British English. The pronunciation with /ɑː/ is mostly confined to accents with the trap-bath split such as Received Pronunciation, though it can be also heard in some other dialects such as Cardiff English.^[18]

The oldest traces of

After demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, metallurgy appeared, initially working gold, copper and bronze, then later iron.^[21] France has numerous megalithic sites from the Neolithic, including the Carnac stones site (approximately 3,300 BC).

In 600 BC, Ionian Greeks from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (present-day Marseille).^[22] Celtic tribes penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.^[23] Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain Brennus and his troops made their way to Roman Italy, defeated the Romans in the Battle of the Allia, and besieged and ransomed Rome.^[24] This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.^[25] But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.^[26]

Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region Provincia Nostra ("Our Province"), which evolved into Provence in French.^[27] Julius Caesar conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix in 52 BC.^[28] Gaul was divided by Augustus into provinces^[29] and many cities were founded during the Gallo-Roman period, including Lugdunum (present-day Lyon), the capital of the Gauls.^[29] In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its fortified borders attacked by barbarians.^[30] The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.^[31] In 312, Emperor Constantine I converted to Christianity. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.^[32] But from the 5th century, the Barbarian Invasions resumed.^[33] Teutonic tribes invaded the region, the Visigoths settling in the southwest, the Burgundians along the Rhine River Valley, and the Franks in the north.^[34]

In Late antiquity, ancient Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. Celtic Britons, fleeing the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, settled in west Armorica; the Armorican peninsula was renamed Brittany and Celtic culture was revived.

The first leader to unite all Franks was Clovis I, who began his reign as king of the Salian Franks in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the Visigothic Kingdom, which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis regained the southwest from the Visigoths and was baptised in 508. Clovis I was the first Germanic conqueror after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,^[35] and French kings called "the Most Christian Kings of France".

The Franks embraced the Christian Gallo-Roman culture, and ancient Gaul was renamed Francia ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted Romanic languages. Clovis made Paris his capital and established the Merovingian dynasty, but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, Orléans, Soissons, and Rheims. The last Merovingian kings lost power to their mayors of the palace (head of household). One mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated an Umayyad invasion of Gaul at the Battle of Tours (732). His son, Pepin the Short, seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the Carolingian dynasty. Pepin's son, Charlemagne, reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and Central Europe.

Proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III and thus establishing the French government's longtime historical association with the Catholic Church,^[36] Charlemagne tried to revive the Western Roman Empire and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son, Louis I kept the empire united, however in 843, it was divided between Louis' three sons, into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.^[37]

During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by Viking invasions, France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and authority of the king became more religious than secular, and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established feudalism in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions.

The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when Hugh Capet was crowned king of the Franks.^[38] His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the Capetian rulers began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".^[39] Later kings expanded their directly possessed domaine royal to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a hierarchically conceived society distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners.

The nobility played a prominent role in Crusades to restore Christian access to the Holy Land. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as Franj.^[40] French Crusaders imported French into the Levant, making Old French the base of the lingua franca ("Frankish language") of the Crusader states.^[40] The Albigensian Crusade was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical Cathars in the southwest of modern-day France.^[41]

From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the County of Anjou, established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine, then built an "empire" from England to the Pyrenees, covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the Plantagenet empire would last a hundred years, until Philip II of France conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and Aquitaine to the Plantagenets.

Charles IV the Fair died without an heir in 1328.^[42] The crown passed to Philip of Valois, rather than Edward of Plantagenet, who became Edward III of England. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.^[42] However Philip's seat on the throne was contested by Edward in 1337, and England and France entered the off-and-on Hundred Years' War.^[43] Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English Kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders, such as Joan of Arc, French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the Black Death, from which half of the 17 million population died.^[44]

The French Renaissance saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the official language of France and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the House of Habsburg during the Italian Wars, which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the French colonial empire. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the French Wars of Religion.^[45] This forced Huguenots to flee to Protestant regions such as the British Isles and Switzerland. The wars were ended by Henry IV's Edict of Nantes, which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. Spanish troops,^[46] assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The war cost France 300,000 casualties.^[47]

Under Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".^[48] France fought in the Thirty Years' War, supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the transatlantic slave trade.^[49]

During Louis XIV's minority, trouble known as The Fronde occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and sovereign courts as a reaction to the royal absolute power. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.^[50] By turning lords into courtiers at the Palace of Versailles, his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the most populous European country and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, science, and literature until the 20th century.^[51] France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the Code Noir providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.^[52]

Under the wars of Louis XV (r. 1715–1774), France lost New France and most Indian possessions after its defeat in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Its European territory kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as Lorraine and Corsica. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the French Revolution.^[53]

Louis XVI (r. 1774–1793) supported America with money, fleets and armies, helping them win independence from Great Britain. France gained revenge, but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the Enlightenment occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the naming of oxygen (1778) and the first hot air balloon carrying passengers (1783), were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the voyages of scientific exploration through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which reason is advocated as the primary source of legitimacy, undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution.

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of liberal democracy,^[54] while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.^[55]

The next three years were dominated by struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression. Military defeats following the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792 resulted in the insurrection of 10 August 1792. The monarchy was abolished and replaced by the French First Republic in September, while Louis XVI was executed in January 1793.

After another revolt in June 1793, the constitution was suspended and power passed from the National Convention to the Committee of Public Safety. About 16,000 people were executed in a Reign of Terror, which ended in July 1794. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the Directory. Four years later in 1799, the Consulate seized power in a coup led by Napoleon.

Napoleon became First Consul in 1799 and later Emperor of the French Empire (1804–1814; 1815). Changing sets of European coalitions declared wars on Napoleon's empire. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the battles of Jena-Auerstadt and Austerlitz. Members of the Bonaparte family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.^[57]

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the metric system, Napoleonic Code and Declaration of the Rights of Man. In 1812 Napoleon attacked Russia, reaching Moscow. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing uprising of European monarchies against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen died during the Napoleonic Wars.^[57] After his brief return from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, and the Bourbon monarchy was restored with new constitutional limitations.

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the July Revolution of 1830, which established the constitutional July Monarchy; French troops began the conquest of Algeria. Unrest led to the French Revolution of 1848 and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the Second Empire, as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in Crimea, Mexico and Italy. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and his regime replaced by the Third Republic. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.^[58]

France had colonial possessions since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became the second-largest behind the British Empire.^[59] Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13 million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the Belle Époque, the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, state secularism was officially established.

France was

In 1940, France was invaded and quickly defeated by Nazi Germany. France was divided into a German occupation zone in the north, an Italian occupation zone and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of the southern France and the French empire. The Vichy government, an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. Free France, the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle, was set up in London.^[62]

From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around 75,000 Jews,^[63] were deported to death and concentration camps.^[64] On 6 June 1944, the Allies invaded Normandy, and in August they invaded Provence. The Allies and French Resistance emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to wage war against Germany and to purge collaborators from office. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a social security system.

During the May 1958 crisis, the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the Fifth Republic, which included a strengthened presidency.^[67] The war concluded with the Évian Accords in 1962 which led to Algerian independence, at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2 million internally-displaced Algerians.^[68] Around one million Pied-Noirs and Harkis fled from Algeria to France.^[69] A vestige of empire is the French overseas departments and territories.

During the Cold War, de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the Western and Eastern blocs. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a nuclear development programme and made France the fourth nuclear power. He restored cordial Franco-German relations to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a supranational Europe, favouring sovereign nations. The revolt of May 1968 had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the Gaullist party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.^[70]

In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed economies in the world but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational European Union, notably by signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, establishing the eurozone in 1999^[71] and signing the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007.^[72] France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.^[73] Since the 19th century, France has received many immigrants, often male foreign workers from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.^[74] During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the Maghreb, in northwest Africa)^[74] to permanently settle in France with their families and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.^[75] The government had a policy of assimilation of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.^[76]

Since the

The vast majority of France's territory and population is situated in Western Europe and is called

Metropolitan France covers 551,500 square kilometres (212,935 sq mi),^[81] the largest among European Union members.^[71] France's total land area, with its overseas departments and territories (excluding Adélie Land), is 643,801 km² (248,573 sq mi),^[82] 0.45% of the total land area on Earth. France possesses a wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west to mountain ranges of the Alps in the southeast, the Massif Central in the south-central and Pyrenees in the southwest.

Due to its numerous

Metropolitan France has a wide variety of topographical sets and natural landscapes. During the

The coastlines offer contrasting landscapes: mountain ranges along the French Riviera, coastal cliffs such as the Côte d'Albâtre, and wide sandy plains in the Languedoc. Corsica lies off the Mediterranean coast. France has an extensive river system consisting of the four major rivers Seine, the Loire, the Garonne, the Rhône and their tributaries, whose combined catchment includes over 62% of the metropolitan territory. The Rhône divides the Massif Central from the Alps and flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the Camargue. The Garonne meets the Dordogne just after Bordeaux, forming the Gironde estuary, the largest estuary in Western Europe which after approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) empties into the Atlantic Ocean.^[84] Other water courses drain towards the Meuse and Rhine along the northeastern borders. France has 11,000,000 km² (4,200,000 sq mi) of marine waters within three oceans under its jurisdiction, of which 97% are overseas.

Forests account for 31 per cent of France's land area—the fourth-highest proportion in Europe—representing an increase of 7 per cent since 1990.^[96][97][98] French forests are some of the most diverse in Europe, comprising more than 140 species of trees.^[99] France had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.52/10, ranking it 123rd globally.^[100] There are nine national parks^[101] and 46 natural parks in France.^[102] A regional nature park^[103] (French: parc naturel régional or PNR) is a public establishment in France between local authorities and the national government covering an inhabited rural area of outstanding beauty, to protect the scenery and heritage as well as setting up sustainable economic development in the area.^[104][105] As of 2019^[update] there are 54 PNRs in France.^[106]

France is a

Emmanuel Macron
president since 2017

Michel Barnier
prime minister since 2024

The executive branch has two leaders. The president, currently Emmanuel Macron, is the head of state, elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a five-year term.^[110] The prime minister, currently Michel Barnier, is the head of government, appointed by the President to lead the government. The president has the power to dissolve Parliament or circumvent it by submitting referendums directly to the people; the president also appoints judges and civil servants, negotiates and ratifies international agreements, as well as serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The prime minister determines public policy and oversees the civil service, with an emphasis on domestic matters.^[111] In the 2022 presidential election, Macron was re-elected.^[112] Two months later, in the June 2022 legislative elections, Macron lost his parliamentary majority and had to form a minority government.^[113]

The legislature consists of the

The electorate is constitutionally empowered to vote on amendments passed by the Parliament and bills submitted by the president. Referendums have played a key role in shaping French politics and even foreign policy; voters have decided on such matters as Algeria's independence, the election of the president by popular vote, the formation of the EU, and the reduction of presidential term limits.[121]

France is divided into 18

Hauts-de-
France

Normandy

Île-de-
France

Grand Est

Bourgogne-
Franche-
Comté

Centre-
Val de Loire

Pays de
la Loire

Brittany

Nouvelle-
Aquitaine

Auvergne-
Rhône-Alpes

Occitania

Provence-
Alpes-
Côte d'Azur

Corsica

French Guiana

Guadeloupe

Martinique

Mayotte

Réunion

Belgium

Luxembourg

Germany

Switzerland

Liechtenstein

Italy

Monaco

United Kingdom

Andorra

Brazil

Suriname

Spain

Channel

Bay of
Biscay

Ligurian
Sea

Mediterranean
Sea

Since 2016, France is divided into 18 administrative regions: 13 regions in

The 101 departments are subdivided into 335 arrondissements, which are, in turn, subdivided into 2,054 cantons.^[124] These cantons are then divided into 36,658 communes, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council.^[124] Three communes—Paris, Lyon and Marseille—are subdivided into 45 municipal arrondissements.

In addition to the 18 regions and 101 departments, the French Republic has five overseas collectivities (French Polynesia, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna), one sui generis collectivity (New Caledonia), one overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands), and one island possession in the Pacific Ocean (Clipperton Island). Overseas collectivities and territories form part of the French Republic, but do not form part of the European Union or its fiscal area (except for Saint Barthélemy, which seceded from Guadeloupe in 2007). The Pacific Collectivities (COMs) of French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and New Caledonia continue to use the CFP franc^[125] whose value is strictly linked to that of the euro. In contrast, the five overseas regions used the French franc and now use the euro.^[126]

France is a founding member of the United Nations and serves as one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council with veto rights.^[127] In 2015, it was described as "the best networked state in the world" due to its membership in more international institutions than any other country;^[128] these include the G7, World Trade Organization (WTO),^[129] the Pacific Community (SPC)^[130] and the Indian Ocean Commission (COI).^[131] It is an associate member of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS)^[132] and a leading member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) of 84 French-speaking countries.^[133]

As a significant hub for international relations, France has the

Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace

Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier of the Marine nationale

AMX Leclerc tank of the Armée de terre

French weapons exported totaled 27 billion euros in 2022, up from 11.7 billion euros the previous year 2021. Additionally, the UAE alone contributed more than 16 billion euros arms to the French total.[157] Among the largest French defence companies are Dassault, Thales and Safran.^[158]

France uses a

French law is divided into two principal areas:

Group of Seven leading industrialised countries, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the Group of Twenty

largest economies.

France's economy is highly diversified;

primary sector, namely agriculture;^[173] however, France's agricultural sector is among the largest in value and leads the EU in terms of overall production.^[174]

In 2018, France was the fifth-largest trading nation in the world and the second-largest in Europe, with the value of exports representing over a fifth of GDP.

foreign direct investment, with European countries and the United States being leading sources.^[179] According to the Bank of France (founded in 1800),^[180] the leading recipients of FDI were manufacturing, real estate, finance and insurance.^[181] The Paris Region has the highest concentration of multinational firms in mainland Europe.^[181]

Under the doctrine of

Bloomberg Innovation Index,^[183] and the 15th most competitive, according to the 2019 Global Competitiveness Report (up two places from 2018).^[184]

The Paris stock exchange (French: La Bourse de Paris) is one of the oldest in the world, created in 1724.

New York stock exchange to form NYSE Euronext, the world's largest stock exchange.^[186] Euronext Paris, the French branch of NYSE Euronext, is Europe's second-largest stock exchange market. Some examples of the most valuable French companies include LVMH, L'Oréal and Sociéte Générale.^[187]

France has historically been one of the world's major agricultural centres and remains a "global agricultural powerhouse"; France is the world's sixth-biggest exporter of agricultural products, generating a trade surplus of over €7.4 billion.

EU subsidies have made it Europe's leading agricultural producer and exporter.^[191]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in France

The Eiffel Tower is the world's most-visited paid monument, an icon of both Paris and France.

Nice on the French Riviera

Mont-Saint-Michel and its bay were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1979.

With 100 million international tourist arrivals in 2023,

Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg (549,000), Puy de Dôme (500,000), Musée Picasso (441,000), and Carcassonne (362,000).^[194]

France, especially Paris, has some of the world's largest museums, including the

Centre Georges Pompidou (3 million), dedicated to contemporary art. Disneyland Paris is Europe's most popular theme park, with 15 million combined visitors to the resort's Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park in 2009.^[195] With more than 10 million tourists a year, the French Riviera (French: Côte d'Azur), in Southeast France, is the second leading tourist destination in the country, after the Paris Region.^[196] With 6 million tourists a year, the castles of the Loire Valley (French: châteaux) and the Loire Valley itself are the third leading tourist destination in France.^[197][198]

France has 52 sites inscribed in

way to St. James, or to Lourdes, a town in the Hautes-Pyrénées

that hosts several million visitors a year.

Energy

Further information: Energy in France

France is the world's tenth-largest producer of electricity.^[199] Électricité de France (EDF), which is majority-owned by the French government, is the country's main producer and distributor of electricity, and one of the world's largest electric utility companies, ranking third in revenue globally.^[200] In 2018, EDF produced around one-fifth of the European Union's electricity, primarily from nuclear power.^[201] As of 2021, France was the biggest energy exporter in Europe, mostly to the U.K. and Italy,^[202] and the largest net exporter of electricity in the world.^[202]

Since the 1973 oil crisis, France has pursued a strong policy of energy security,^[202] namely through heavy investment in nuclear energy. It is one of 32 countries with nuclear power plants, ranking second in the world by the number of operational nuclear reactors, at 56.^[203] Consequently, 70% of France's electricity is generated by nuclear power, the highest proportion in the world by a wide margin;^[204] only Slovakia and Ukraine also derive a majority of electricity from nuclear power, at roughly 53% and 51%, respectively.^[205] France is considered a world leader in nuclear technology, with reactors and fuel products being major exports.^[202]

France's significant reliance on nuclear power has resulted in comparatively slower development of

Eguzon, Étang de Soulcem, and Lac de Vouglans, are managed by EDF.^[207] France aims to further expand hydropower into 2040.^[206]

Transport

Main article: Transport in France

France's

Eurotunnel Shuttle, connects with the United Kingdom through the Channel Tunnel. Rail connections exist to all other neighbouring countries in Europe except Andorra. Intra-urban connections are also well developed, with most major cities having underground

or tramway services complementing bus services.

There are approximately 1,027,183 kilometres (638,262 mi) of serviceable roadway in France, ranking it the most extensive network of the European continent.

petrol-driven cars and lorries cause a large part of the country's air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.^[215][216]

There are 464 airports in France.^[81] Charles de Gaulle Airport, located in the vicinity of Paris, is the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic and connecting Paris with virtually all major cities across the world. Air France is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in Marseille,^[217] which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea.^[218] 12,261 kilometres (7,619 mi) of waterways traverse France including the Canal du Midi, which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the Garonne river.^[81]

Science and technology

Main articles: Science and technology in France and List of French inventions and discoveries

Since the Middle Ages, France has contributed to scientific and technological achievement. In the early 11th century, the French-born Pope Sylvester II reintroduced the abacus and armillary sphere and introduced Arabic numerals and clocks to much of Europe.^[220] The University of Paris, founded in the mid-12th century, is still one of the most important academic institutions in the Western world.^[221] In the 17th century, mathematician and philosopher René Descartes pioneered rationalism as a method for acquiring scientific knowledge, while Blaise Pascal became famous for his work on probability and fluid mechanics; both were key figures of the Scientific Revolution, which blossomed in Europe during this period. The French Academy of Sciences, founded in the mid-17th century by Louis XIV to encourage and protect French scientific research, was one of the earliest national scientific institutions in history.

The

Augustin Fresnel founding modern optics, Sadi Carnot laying the foundations of thermodynamics, and Louis Pasteur pioneering microbiology. Other eminent French scientists of the period have their names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower

.

Famous French scientists of the 20th century include the mathematician and physicist

Lyon in 1998 by an international team that included Jean-Michel Dubernard, who afterward performed the first successful double hand transplant.^[223] Telesurgery was first performed by French surgeons led by Jacques Marescaux on 7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean.^[224] A face transplant was first done on 27 November 2005 by Bernard Devauchelle.^[225][226] France ranked 12th in the 2024 Global Innovation Index, compared to 16th in 2019.^[227][228]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of France

With an estimated January 2024 population of 68,373,433 people,

20th most populous country in the world, the third-most populous in Europe (after Russia and Germany), and the second most populous in the European Union

(after Germany).

France is an outlier among developed countries, particularly in Europe, for its relatively high rate of

natural population growth: By birth rates alone, it was responsible for almost all natural population growth in the European Union in 2006.^[229] Between 2006 and 2016, France saw the second-highest overall increase in population in the EU and was one of only four EU countries where natural births accounted for the most population growth.^[230] This was the highest rate since the end of the baby boom in 1973 and coincides with the rise of the total fertility rate

from a nadir of 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 2010.

As of January 2021[update], the fertility rate declined slightly to 1.84 children per woman, below the

replacement rate of 2.1, and considerably below the high of 4.41 in 1800.^{[231][232][233][234]} France's fertility rate and crude birth rate nonetheless remain among the highest in the EU. However, like many developed nations, the French population is aging; the average age is 41.7 years, while about a fifth of French people are 65 or over.^[235] The life expectancy at birth is 82.7 years, the 12th highest in the world

.

From 2006 to 2011, population growth averaged 0.6 per cent per year;[236] since 2011, annual growth has been between 0.4 and 0.5 per cent annually.^[237] Immigrants are major contributors to this trend; in 2010, 27 per cent of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and another 24 per cent had at least one parent born outside Europe (excluding French overseas territories).^[238]

Major cities

See also: Functional area (France) and Urban unit

France is a highly urbanised country, with its

INSEE considers that Nice is a metropolitan area separate from the Cannes-Antibes metropolitan area; these two combined would have a population of 1,019,905, as of the 2021 census). Rural flight

was a perennial political issue throughout most of the 20th century.

v t e Largest metropolitan areas in France 2021 census
	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.
Paris Lyon	1	Paris	Île-de-France	13,171,056	11	Grenoble	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes	722,904	Marseille Lille
	2	Lyon	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes	2,308,818	12	Rouen	Normandy	709,065
	3	Marseille	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur	1,888,788	13	Nice	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur	626,218
	4	Lille	Hauts-de-France	1,521,660	14	Toulon	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur	581,948
	5	Toulouse	Occitania	1,490,640	15	Tours	Centre-Val de Loire	522,597
	6	Bordeaux	Nouvelle-Aquitaine	1,393,764	16	Nancy	Grand Est	508,793
	7	Nantes	Pays de la Loire	1,031,953	17	Clermont-Ferrand	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes	508,699
	8	Strasbourg	Grand Est	864,993	18	Saint-Étienne	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes	500,562
	9	Montpellier	Occitania	823,120	19	Caen	Normandy	478,105
	10	Rennes	Brittany	771,320	20	Orléans	Centre-Val de Loire	456,452

Ethnic groups

Main article: French people

Historically,

Scandinavian in the northwest, Alemannic in the northeast, and Ligurian

in the southeast.

Large-scale immigration over the last century and a half have led to a more multicultural society; beginning with the French Revolution, and further codified in the

French Constitution of 1958, the government is prohibited from collecting data on ethnicity and ancestry; most demographic information is drawn from private sector organisations or academic institutions. In 2004, the Institut Montaigne estimated that within Metropolitan France, 51 million people were White (85% of the population), 6 million were Northwest African (10%), 2 million were Black (3.3%), and 1 million were Asian (1.7%).^[241][242]

A 2008 poll conducted jointly by

European ethnic groups, namely Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, and Greek.^{[245][249][250]} France has a significant Gitan (Romani) population, numbering between 20,000 and 400,000;^[251] many foreign Roma are expelled back to Bulgaria and Romania frequently.^[252]

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to France

It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population is descended at least partially from the different waves of immigration since the early 20th century;

pieds noirs returned to France following the independence of its Northwest African possessions, Algeria and Morocco.^[255][256]

They were joined by numerous former colonial subjects from North and West Africa, as well as numerous European immigrants from Spain and Portugal.

France remains a major destination for immigrants, accepting about 200,000 legal immigrants annually.

Eastern European migration.^{[citation needed]} Foreigners' rights are established in the Code of Entry and Residence of Foreigners and of the Right to Asylum. Immigration remains a contentious political issue.^[261]

In 2008, the INSEE (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) estimated that the total number of foreign-born immigrants was around 5 million (8% of the population), while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5 million, or 11% of the population. Thus, nearly a fifth of the country's population were either first or second-generation immigrants, of which more than 5 million were of European origin and 4 million of Maghrebi ancestry.^{[262][263][264]} In 2008, France granted citizenship to 137,000 persons, mostly from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey.^[265] In 2022, more than 320,000 migrants came to France, with the majority coming from Africa.^[266]

In 2014, the INSEE reported a significant increase in the number of immigrants coming from Spain, Portugal and Italy between 2009 and 2012. According to the institute, this increase resulted from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period.^[267] Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 per cent between 2009 and 2012, with the population growing from 5,300 to 11,000.^[267] Of the total of 229,000 foreigners coming to France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, 5% British, 5% Spanish, 4% Italian, 4% German, 3% Romanian, and 3% Belgian.^[267]

Language

Main articles: French language, Languages of France, and Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

Francophone

world:

  Native language

  Administrative language

  Secondary or cultural language

The official language of France is French,

Académie française has been France's official authority on the French language, although its recommendations carry no legal weight. There are also regional languages spoken in France, such as Occitan, Breton, Catalan, Flemish (Dutch dialect), Alsatian (German dialect), Basque, and Corsican (Italian dialect). Italian was the official language of Corsica until 9 May 1859.^[269]

The Government of France does not regulate the choice of language in publications by individuals, but the use of French is required by law in commercial and workplace communications. In addition to mandating the use of French in the territory of the Republic, the French government tries to promote French in the European Union and globally through institutions such as the

overseas territories. It is estimated that between 300 million^[270] and 500 million^[271]

people worldwide can speak French, either as a mother tongue or as a second language.

According to the 2007 Adult Education survey, part of a project by the

INSEE and based on a sample of 15,350 persons, French was the native language of 87.2% of the total population, or roughly 55.81 million people, followed by Arabic (3.6%, 2.3 million), Portuguese (1.5%, 960,000), Spanish (1.2%, 770,000) and Italian (1.0%, 640,000). Native speakers of other languages made up the remaining 5.2% of the population.^[272]

Religion

Main article: Religion in France

France is a secular country in which

Catholicism, and Judaism. ^[273]

King of France always maintained close links to the Pope,^[275] receiving the title Most Christian Majesty from the Pope in 1464.^[276] However, the French monarchy maintained a significant degree of autonomy, namely through its policy of "Gallicanism", whereby the king selected bishops rather than the papacy.^[277] Its role nowadays, however, has been greatly reduced, although, as of 2012, among the 47,000 religious buildings in France 94% were still Catholic churches.^[278] After alternating between royal and secular republican governments during the 19th century, in 1905 France passed the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, which established the aforementioned principle of laïcité.^[279]

The government is prohibited from recognising specific rights to any religious community (with the exception of legacy statutes like those of military chaplains and the aforementioned local law in Alsace-Moselle). It recognises religious organisations according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine, and religious organisations are expected to refrain from intervening in policymaking.[280] Some religious groups, such as Scientology, the Children of God, the Unification Church, and the Order of the Solar Temple, are considered cults (sectes in French, which is considered a pejorative term^[281]) in France, and therefore they are not granted the same status as recognised religions.^[282]

Health

Main article: Health in France

The French health care system is one of universal health care largely financed by government national health insurance. In its 2000 assessment of world health care systems, the World Health Organization found that France provided the "close to best overall health care" in the world.^[284] The French health care system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997.^[285][286] In 2011, France spent 11.6% of its GDP on health care, or US$4,086 per capita,^[287] a figure much higher than the average spent by countries in Europe. Approximately 77% of health expenditures are covered by government-funded agencies.^[288]

Care is generally free for people affected by

chronic diseases (affections de longues durées) such as cancer, AIDS or cystic fibrosis. The life expectancy at birth is 78 years for men and 85 years for women.^[289][290] There are 3.22 physicians for every 1000 inhabitants in France,^[291] and average health care spending per capita was US$4,719 in 2008.^[292]

As of 2007[update], approximately 140,000 inhabitants (0.4%) of France are living with HIV/AIDS.^[81]

Education

Main article: Education in France

In 1802,

lycée, the second and final stage of secondary education that prepares students for higher education studies or a profession.^[294] Jules Ferry is considered the father of the French modern school, leading reforms in the late 19th century that established free, secular and compulsory education (currently mandatory until the age of 16).^[295][296]

French education is centralised and divided into three stages: primary, secondary, and higher education. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranked France's education as near the OECD average in 2018.^[297][298] France was one of the PISA-participating countries where school children perceived some of the lowest levels of support and feedback from their teachers.^[298] Schoolchildren in France reported greater concern about the disciplinary climate and behaviour in classrooms compared to other OECD countries.^[298]

Higher education is divided between

École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris that produce high-profile engineers, or the École nationale d'administration for careers in the Grands Corps of the state. The Grandes écoles have been criticised for alleged elitism, producing many if not most of France's high-ranking civil servants, CEOs and politicians.^[299]

Culture

Main article: Culture of France

Art

Main article: French art

The origins of French art were very much influenced by

Baroque era, Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain

, lived in Italy.

French artists developed the

Academism

.

In the second part of the 19th century, France's influence over painting grew, with the development of new styles of painting such as

Toulouse-Lautrec and Georges Seurat, were also at the avant-garde of artistic evolutions,^[301] as well as the fauvist artists Henri Matisse, André Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck.^[302][303]

At the beginning of the 20th century, Cubism was developed by Georges Braque and the Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, living in Paris. Other foreign artists also settled and worked in or near Paris, such as Vincent van Gogh, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and Wassily Kandinsky.

There are many art museums in France, the most famous of which being the state-owned

Centre Georges Pompidou. These three state-owned museums are visited by close to 17 million people a year.^[307]

Architecture

Main article: French architecture

During the Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by feudal nobles to mark their powers. Some French castles that survived are

Chinon, Château d'Angers, the massive Château de Vincennes and the so-called Cathar castles. During this era, France had been using Romanesque architecture

like most of Western Europe.

Notre-Dame de Reims.^[310]

The final victory in the Hundred Years' War marked an important stage in the evolution of French architecture. It was the time of the French Renaissance and several artists from Italy were invited to the French court; many residential palaces were built in the Loire Valley, from 1450 as a first reference the Château de Montsoreau.^[311] Examples of such residential castles include the Château de Chambord, the Château de Chenonceau, or the Château d'Amboise.

Following the Renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages,

Vauban designed some of the most efficient fortresses in Europe and became an influential military architect; as a result, imitations of his works can be found all over Europe, the Americas, Russia and Turkey.^[314][315]

After the Revolution, the

Second Empire in English, the term being taken from the Second French Empire. At this time there was a strong Gothic resurgence across Europe and in France; the associated architect was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. In the late 19th century, Gustave Eiffel designed many bridges, such as the Garabit viaduct, and remains one of the most influential bridge designers of his time, although he is best remembered for the Eiffel Tower

.

In the 20th century, French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier designed several buildings in France. More recently, French architects have combined both modern and old architectural styles. The Louvre Pyramid is an example of modern architecture added to an older building. The most difficult buildings to integrate within French cities are skyscrapers, as they are visible from afar. For instance, in Paris, since 1977, new buildings had to be under 37 metres (121 ft).^[317] France's largest financial district is La Défense, where a significant number of skyscrapers are located.^[318] Other massive buildings that are a challenge to integrate into their environment are large bridges; an example of the way this has been done is the Millau Viaduct. Some famous modern French architects include Jean Nouvel, Dominique Perrault, Christian de Portzamparc and Paul Andreu.

Literature and philosophy

Main articles: French literature and French philosophy

The earliest French literature dates from the

Heptameron.^[319] Another 16th-century author was Michel de Montaigne, whose most famous work, Essais, started a literary genre.^[320]

French literature and poetry flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries. Denis Diderot is best known as the main editor of the Encyclopédie, whose aim was to sum up all the knowledge of his century and to fight ignorance and obscurantism. During that same century, Charles Perrault was a prolific writer of children's fairy tales including Puss in Boots, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and Bluebeard. At the start of the 19th century, symbolist poetry was an important movement in French literature, with poets such as Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé.^[321]

The 19th century saw the writings of many French authors. Victor Hugo is sometimes seen as "the greatest French writer of all time"

The Count of Monte-Cristo), Jules Verne (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas), Émile Zola (Les Rougon-Macquart), Honoré de Balzac (La Comédie humaine), Guy de Maupassant, Théophile Gautier and Stendhal (The Red and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma

), whose works are among the most well known in France and the world.

In the early 20th century France was a haven for literary freedom.[325] Works banned for obscenity in the US, the UK and other Anglophone nations were published in France decades before they were available in the respective authors' home countries.^[325] The French were disinclined to punish literary figures for their writing, and prosecutions were rare.^[325] Important writers of the 20th century include Marcel Proust, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Jean Cocteau, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry wrote The Little Prince, which is one of the best selling books in history.^[326][327]

Medieval philosophy was dominated by Scholasticism until the emergence of Humanism in the Renaissance. Modern philosophy began in France in the 17th century with the philosophy of René Descartes, Blaise Pascal and Nicolas Malebranche. Descartes was the first Western philosopher since ancient times to attempt to build a philosophical system from the ground up rather than building on the work of predecessors.^[328][329] France in the 18th century saw major philosophical contributions from Voltaire who came to embody the Enlightenment and Jean-Jacques Rousseau whose work highly influenced the French Revolution.^[330][331] French philosophers made major contributions to the field in the 20th century including the existentialist works of Simone de Beauvoir, Camus, and Sartre.^[332] Other influential contributions during this time include the moral and political works of Simone Weil, contributions to structuralism including from Claude Lévi-Strauss and the post-structuralist works by Michel Foucault.^[333][334]

Music

Main article: Music of France

France has a long and varied musical history. It experienced a golden age in the 17th century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed talented musicians and composers in the royal court. Composers of this period include

Michel-Richard Delalande, Jean-Baptiste Lully and Marin Marais, all of them composers at the court. After the death of the "Roi Soleil", French musical creation lost dynamism, but in the next century the music of Jean-Philippe Rameau reached some prestige.^{[citation needed]} Rameau became the dominant composer of French opera and the leading French composer of the harpsichord.^[335]

In the field of

Dialogues des Carmélites (1957) and the Gloria (1959) for soprano, choir and orchestra. In the middle of the 20th century, Maurice Ohana, Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Boulez contributed to the evolution of contemporary classical music.^[341]

French music then followed the rapid emergence of pop and rock music in the middle of the 20th century. Although English-speaking creations achieved popularity in the country,

turntablists/DJs. Although there are very few rock bands in France compared to English-speaking countries,^[343] bands such as Noir Désir, Mano Negra, Niagara, Les Rita Mitsouko and more recently Superbus, Phoenix and Gojira,^[344] or Shaka Ponk

, have reached worldwide popularity.

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of France

France has historical and strong links with

Cannes Festival, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world.^[352][353]

Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition, France has also been a gathering spot for artists from across Europe and the world. For this reason, French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations. Directors from nations such as Poland (Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Andrzej Żuławski), Argentina (Gaspar Noé, Edgardo Cozarinsky), Russia (Alexandre Alexeieff, Anatole Litvak), Austria (Michael Haneke) and Georgia (Géla Babluani, Otar Iosseliani) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema. Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in other countries, such as Luc Besson, Jacques Tourneur or Francis Veber in the United States. Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan.^[354] French films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK.^[354] In 2013 France was the second greatest exporter of films in the world, after the United States.^[355]

As part of its advocacy of cultural exception, a political concept of treating culture differently from other commercial products,^[356] France succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalised sectors of the WTO in 1993.^[357] Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a vote by UNESCO in 2005: the principle of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory with 198 countries voting for it and only 2 countries, the United States and Israel, voting against it.^[358]

Fashion

Main article: French fashion

Fashion has been an important industry and cultural export of France since the 17th century, and modern "haute couture" originated in Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris, along with London, Milan, and New York City, is considered one of the world's fashion capitals, and the city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses. The expression Haute couture is, in France, a legally protected name, guaranteeing certain quality standards.

The association of France with fashion and style (French: la mode) dates largely to the reign of

Dior, and Givenchy. The French perfume industry is the world leader in its sector and is centred on the town of Grasse.^[360]

According to 2017 data compiled by

Kering SA, L'Oréal), more than any other country in the world.^[361]

Media

Main article: Telecommunications in France

In 2021, regional daily newspapers, such as

Dauphiné Libéré, Le Télégramme, and Le Progrès, more than doubled the sales of national newspapers, such as Le Monde, Le Figaro, L'Équipe (sports), Le Parisien, and Les Echos (finance). Free dailies, distributed in metropolitan centers, continue to increase their market share.^[363] The sector of weekly magazines includes more than 400 specialised weekly magazines published in the country.^[364]

The most influential news magazines are the left-wing

economic crisis, in addition to existing subsidies.^[368]

In 1974, after years of centralised monopoly on radio and television, the governmental agency

ORTF was split into several national institutions, but the three already-existing TV channels and four national radio stations^[369][370] remained under state control. It was only in 1981 that the government allowed free broadcasting in the territory, ending the state monopoly on radio.^[370]

Cuisine

Main article: French cuisine

Different regions have different styles. In the north, butter and cream are common ingredients, whereas olive oil is more commonly used in the south.^[371] Each region of France has traditional specialties: cassoulet in the southwest, choucroute in Alsace, quiche in the Lorraine region, beef bourguignon in Burgundy, Provençal tapenade, etc. France is most famous for its wines^[372] and cheeses, which are often named for the territory where they are produced (AOC).^[373][374] A meal typically consists of three courses, entrée ('starter'), plat principal ('main course'), and fromage ('cheese') or dessert, sometimes with a salad served before the cheese or dessert.

French cuisine is also regarded as a key element of the quality of life and the attractiveness of France. A French publication, the Michelin Guide, awards Michelin stars for excellence to a select few establishments.^[375][376] The acquisition or loss of a star can have dramatic effects on the success of a restaurant. By 2006, the Michelin Guide had awarded 620 stars to French restaurants.^[377]

In addition to its wine tradition, France is also a major producer of beer and rum. The three main French brewing regions are Alsace (60% of national production), Nord-Pas-de-Calais, and Lorraine. French rum is made in distilleries located on islands in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.^[378][379]

Sports

Main article: Sport in France

France hosts "the world's biggest annual sporting event", the annual cycling race Tour de France.^[381] Other popular sports played in France include: football, judo, tennis,^[382] rugby union^[383] and pétanque. France has hosted events such as the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups,^[384] the 2007 Rugby World Cup,^[385] and the 2023 Rugby World Cup.^[386] The country also hosted the 1960 European Nations' Cup, UEFA Euro 1984, UEFA Euro 2016 and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. The Stade de France in Saint-Denis is France's largest stadium and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup finals. Since 1923, France is famous for its 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car endurance race.^[387] Several major tennis tournaments take place in France, including the Paris Masters and the French Open, one of the four Grand Slam tournaments. French martial arts include Savate and Fencing.

France has a close association with the Modern

Summer Deaflympics in Paris.^[392]

Both the national football team and the national rugby union team are nicknamed "Les Bleus" in reference to the team's shirt colour as well as the national French tricolour flag. Football is the most popular sport in France, with over 1,800,000 registered players and over 18,000 registered clubs.^[393]

The French Open, also called Roland-Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris. It is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments.^[394]

Rugby union is popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of France.^[395] The national rugby union team has competed at every Rugby World Cup; it takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship.

See also

• Outline of France

Notes

1. ^ French: [fʁɑ̃s] ^ⓘ
2. ^ French: République française French: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz] ^ⓘ

1. ^ The current Constitution of France does not specify a national emblem.^[1] The lictor's fasces is very often used to represent the French Republic, although it holds no official status.^[2] In addition to the coat of arms, France also uses a different emblem for diplomatic and consular purposes.
2. ^ For information about regional languages, see Languages of France.
3. National Geographic Institute
   data, which includes bodies of water
4. ^ French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers
5. ^ Whole of the except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean
6. ^ French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only
7. Wallis and Futana). For further information, view Time in France
   .
8. ^ The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the French telephone numbering plan, but have their own country calling codes: Guadeloupe +590; Martinique +596; French Guiana +594; Réunion and Mayotte +262; Saint Pierre and Miquelon +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: New Caledonia +687; French Polynesia +689; Wallis and Futuna +681.
9. ^ In addition to .fr, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas départements and territories: .re, .mq, .gp, .tf, .nc, .pf, .wf, .pm, .gf and .yt. The .cat domain is used in Catalan-speaking territories.
10. ^ The last sacre was that of Charles X, 29 May 1825.

References

1. ^ Article II of the Constitution of France (1958)
2. ^ "THE LICTOR'S FASCES". 15 December 2022. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
3. Insee. Archived
   from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
4. ^ "Etat des lieux de la laïcité en France - 2021" (PDF) (official statistics) (in French). Observatoire de la laïcité, Government of France. p. 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2024.
5. ^ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
6. ^ "Field Listing :: Area". Comparateur de territoire. IGN. Retrieved 19 November 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
7. ^ "France Métropolitaine". INSEE. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015.
8. ^ ^{a b} "Bilan démographique 2023 – Composantes de la croissance démographique, France". Insee. 16 January 2023. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
9. ^ "Bilan démographique 2023 – Composantes de la croissance démographique, France métropolitaine". Insee. 16 January 2024. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
10. ^ ^{a b c d} "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (France)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
11. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
12. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 288. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
13. ^ "History of France". Discoverfrance.net. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
14. ^ Examples: "frank". American Heritage Dictionary. "frank". Webster's Third New International Dictionary. And so on.
15. ^ ^{a b c} "Origin and meaning of Frank". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
16. OCLC 59830199
    .
17. ISBN 978-0-671-42257-8
    . Retrieved 5 July 2011.
18. ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
    .
19. ^
    ISBN 978-2-02-010879-9
20. ISBN 978-1849018128. Archived
    from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
21. ^ Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 20–24.
22. ISBN 978-0-631-20309-4
    . Retrieved 23 January 2011.
23. ^ Carpentier et al. 2000, p. 29.
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Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of France

External links

The Wikibook Wikijunior:Countries A-Z has a page on the topic of: France

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• France at Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
• France at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• France at the EU
• Wikimedia Atlas of France
• Geographic data related to France at OpenStreetMap
• Key Development Forecasts for France from International Futures

Economy

• INSEE
• OECD France statistics

Government

• France.fr – official French tourism site (in English)
• Gouvernement.fr – official site of the government (in French)
• Official site of the French public service – links to various administrations and institutions
• Official site of the National Assembly

Culture

• Contemporary French Civilization. Archived 27 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Journal, University of Illinois.
• FranceGuide. Archived 17 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the French Government Tourist Office.