Epstein–Barr virus vaccine

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Epstein–Barr virus vaccine
Vaccine description
TargetEpstein–Barr virus
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none

As of 2024, a

latent infection and causes infectious mononucleosis. There is also increasingly more evidence that EBV may be a trigger of multiple sclerosis.[3] It is a dual-tropic virus, meaning that it infects two different host cell types — in this case, both B cells and epithelial cells. One challenge is that the Epstein–Barr virus expresses very different proteins during its lytic and its latent phases. Antiviral agents act by inhibiting viral DNA replication, but as of 2016, there was little evidence that they are effective against Epstein–Barr virus, they are expensive, they risk causing resistance to antiviral agents, and (in 1% to 10% of cases) can cause unpleasant side effects.[1]

Several clinical trials for a vaccine were conducted in 2006–2008.[4][5][6] The viral proteins Gp350/220 are a primary target,[7] but this would only block infection of B cells, not epithelial cells. A vaccine called MVA-EL has been also proposed as a target for EBV-positive cancers, but this would only be effective in combating EBV-related cancers, not the EBV infection itself.[8] VLP (virus-like particle)-based EBV vaccines are also the subject of intensive research.[9]

In April 2018, the first human antibody that blocks Epstein-Barr Virus was discovered, called AMMO1.[10] It blocks glycoproteins gH and gL. This discovery defines new sites of vulnerability on Epstein-Barr Virus, and neutralizes the dual-tropic infection (stopping both infection of B cells and epithelial cells). It is the most promising discovery to date, as it is the first that may be able to block both B cell infection and epithelial infection.[11]

In 2021,

Phase I clinical trials of mRNA-1189 on 5 January 2022.[14] The other candidate, mRNA-1195 vaccine, is being developed to prevent longer-term complications which may be caused by EBV, and it contains additional antigens compared to mRNA-1189.[12] In early 2023, Moderna began Phase I clinical trials of mRNA-1195.[citation needed
]

References

  1. ^
    PMID 27933614
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  2. PMID 18190254
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  3. S2CID 245983763
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  4. PMID 16804839
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  5. PMID 18032491
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  6. PMID 17485150
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  7. ^ "WHO | Viral Cancers". Archived from the original on 24 March 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  8. PMID 14694109
    .
  9. ^ "Epstein-Barr virus and cancer: New tricks from an old dog". www.sciencedaily.com. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  10. PMID 29669253
    .
  11. ^ "First human antibody found to block Epstein-Barr virus". Fred Hutch. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  12. ^ a b c "Moderna Reports Third Quarter Fiscal Year 2021 Financial Results and Provides Business Updates". BioSpace. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  13. ^ "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) vaccine (mRNA-1189)". investors.modernatx.com. Moderna. 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  14. ^ "Moderna Announces First Participant Dosed in Phase 1 Study of its mRNA Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Vaccine". BioSpace. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
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