España Boba
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2024) |
Captaincy General de Santo Domingo | |||||||||
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King | | ||||||||
• 1813–1821 | Ferdinand VII | ||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||
• 1809–1811 | Juan Sánchez Ramírez | ||||||||
• 1811–1813 | Manuel Caballero y Masot | ||||||||
• 1813–1818 | Carlos de Urrutia y Matos | ||||||||
• 1818–1821 | Sebastián Kindelán y O'Regan | ||||||||
• 1821 | Pascual Real | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 9 July 1809 | ||||||||
| 22 July 1795 | |||||||||
| 9 July 1809 | |||||||||
• Independence | 1 December 1821 | ||||||||
| Currency | Santo Domingo real | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Dominican Republic | ||||||||
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| History of the Dominican Republic |
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| Pre-Spanish Hispaniola (–1492) |
| Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (1492–1795) |
| French Santo Domingo (1795–1809) |
| España Boba (1809–1821) |
| Republic of Spanish Haiti (1821–1822) |
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Republic of Haiti (1822–1844) |
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First Republic (1844–1861) |
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| Spanish occupation (1861–1865) |
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Second Republic (1865–1916) |
| United States occupation (1916–1924) |
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Third Republic (1924–1965) |
| Fourth Republic (1966–) |
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In the history of the Dominican Republic, the period of España Boba (Spanish: "Meek Spain") lasted from 9 July 1809 to 1 December 1821, during which the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo was under Spanish rule, but the Spanish government exercised minimal powers because its resources were attenuated by the Peninsular War and the various Spanish American wars of independence. The period ended when Dominican officials declared a short-lived independence on 30 November 1821. In February 1822, Haiti annexed former Santo Domingo, leading to an occupation that lasted until 1844.
Background
Spanish Santo Domingo had been ceded to France as a result of the Peace of Basel in 1795. Many Dominicans chose to go into exile in Cuba, Puerto Rico and other Spanish areas. France, nevertheless, maintained only nominal control over the acquired area, with most of the colony's administration staffed by Dominicans and Spaniards and Spanish laws and traditions maintained. The situation turned worse when the declaration of an independent Haiti in 1804 increased hostilities on the island and commerce with the western part of the island was lost.
The start of the Peninsular War changed the political situation. Spain was now once again at war with France, although a French-appointed king,
Spanish rule
During the next twelve years, Santo Domingo's economy suffered. Most farming was solely for subsistence, there was little specie on the island, and, once political stability returned to Spain in 1814, its focus was on the more productive island of Cuba.
However, during the second decade of the 19th century the colonial neglect acquired epic proportions. In fact, for all practical purposes, the colony in Santo Domingo during these years (1809–1821) was governed as an afterthought through the more significant Cuban administration. Cuba, in contrast with Santo Domingo, had ceased to be considered a marginal colony after the brief, yet consequential, British occupation of 1763. Spain had since been pouring resources into developing the Cuban economy, and so, while Santo Domingo was experiencing a loss of its white planter and landowning class, Cuba was welcoming a growing and enterprising bourgeoisie, which complimented well the increasingly powerful sugar planter class.
The Dominican colonial elite, on the other hand, had suffered substantially from the effects of the Haitian Revolution and did not recover. The ruling elite of the time lamented that they had been abandoned by Spain—little economic aid was invested in the island, the only money the royal government sent to the island was the salaries of royal employees. But while the growth of the sugar economy in Cuba created an economically and racially polarized society, in Santo Domingo the material gap among the social classes was not as marked.
Revolts against Spanish rule
As in the other Spanish colonies during the Peninsular War, there were several attempts to establish
Four French sergeants, who had remained after Spanish rule was restored attempted to organize a coup d'état to return Santo Domingo to French rule. Their effort failed and they were executed. Also executed were the leaders of an attempted slave and free black revolt. When the authorities refused to consider freeing the Dominican slaves, as had been hoped, or fully implementing the Spanish Constitution of 1812, which would have granted Spanish nationality to free blacks, if not granting them the right to vote, slaves and free blacks conspired to end slavery and to join the region to Haiti. The conspiracy was discovered and many were sentenced to lashes and jail terms. The four principal leaders, Pedro Seda, José Leocadio, Pedro Henríquez and a person simply known as Marcos were executed. Their heads were publicly displayed at various points of the capital.
Independence of Santo Domingo
As the Spanish authorities showed little interest in their restored colony, the great ranching families such as the Santanas came to be the leaders in the south east, and the law of the "machete" ruled for a time. Then on 9 November 1821 the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo was toppled by a group led by Spanish lieutenant governor Núñez de Cáceres, the colony's former administrator,
Ephemeral independence
In November 1821 a new conspiracy emerged in the mountainous region bordering Haiti to join Santo Domingo to Haiti. The conspiracy was popular among the middle and lower classes, small shop keepers, a few key
Governors and capitanes generals
- 1809-1811 Juan Sánchez Ramírez
- 1811-1813 Manuel Caballero y Masot
- 1813-1818 Carlos de Urrutia y Matos
- 1818-1821 Sebastián Kindelán y O’Regan
- 1821- Pascual Real
References
- ^ Lancer, Jalisco. "The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic". All Empires Online History Community. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
- ^ a b "Haiti - Historical Flags". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 5 May 2005. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
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- García, José Gabriel, Compendio de la historia de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, 1894.
- "Dominican Republic – Haiti and Santo Domingo". Country Studies. Library of Congress; Federal Research Division. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- Moya Pons, Frank, Manual de Historia Dominicana, UCMM, Santiago de los Caballeros, 1977.
- Moya Pons, Frank. La dominación haitiana, 1822-1844 (3rd edition), UCMM, Santiago de los Caballeros, 1978.
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