Excitatory postsynaptic potential
In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential, caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of opening ligand-gated ion channels. These are the opposite of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which usually result from the flow of negative ions into the cell or positive ions out of the cell. EPSPs can also result from a decrease in outgoing positive charges, while IPSPs are sometimes caused by an increase in positive charge outflow. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC).
EPSPs, like IPSPs, are graded (i.e. they have an additive effect). When multiple EPSPs occur on a single patch of postsynaptic membrane, their combined effect is the sum of the individual EPSPs. Larger EPSPs result in greater membrane depolarization and thus increase the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold for firing an action potential.
EPSPs in living cells are caused chemically. When an active presynaptic cell releases
Excitatory molecules
The neurotransmitter most often associated with EPSPs is the
Miniature EPSPs and quantal analysis
The release of neurotransmitter vesicles from the presynaptic cell is probabilistic. In fact, even without stimulation of the presynaptic cell, a single vesicle will occasionally be released into the synapse, generating miniature EPSPs (mEPSPs).
Field EPSPs
EPSPs are usually recorded using intracellular electrodes. The extracellular signal from a single neuron is extremely small and thus next to impossible to record in the human brain. However, in some areas of the brain, such as the
See also
- Glycine
- Nonspiking neurons
- Summation (neurophysiology)
References
- ^ Takagi, Hiroshi. “Roles of Ion Channels in EPSP Integration at Neuronal Dendrites.” Neuroscience Research, vol. 37, no. 3, 2000, pp. 167–171., doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00120-6.
- PMID 10736372.
- PMID 8833454.
- S2CID 35749805.
- ^ "The neuronal genome of Caenorhabditis elegans". www.wormbook.org.
- motor end-plate.
- ^ "2001-2002 M.R. Bauer Foundation Colloquium Series". Bio.brandeis.edu. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
- ^ Bliss, T. V., & Lomo, T. (1973). Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. The Journal of physiology, 232(2), 331–356. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010273