Fabre Geffrard

Fabre-Nicolas Geffrard
Fabre-Nicolas Geffrard
	Nissage Saget (provisional)
Personal details
Born	Guillaume Fabre Nicolas Geffrard; 23 September 1806; British Jamaica
Spouse	Marguerite Lorvana McIntosh
Profession	Military

Guillaume Fabre Nicolas Geffrard (French pronunciation:

Roman Catholic Church which then took on an important role in improving education. After surviving several rebellions, he was overthrown by Major Sylvain Salnave in 1867.^[3]

Life prior to presidency

Geffrard was a son of

Armee indigene during the Haitian Revolution and a signatory of the Haitian Declaration of Independence who was assassinated a few months before Fabre's birth. Fabre Geffrard is then adopted by his uncle, Colonel Fabre. Geffrard left the college in the town of Cayes in 1821 and enlisted in the army. When General Charles Rivière-Hérard launched a rebellion against dictator Jean-Pierre Boyer in 1843, Geffrard joined him and was appointed lieutenant-colonel. He was then sent to the town of Jérémie where he defeated Boyer's troops, who he then pursued as far as the Tiburon peninsula. After this military triumph he was elevated to the rank of brigadier general in 1844. The new president, Jean-Baptiste Riché feared Geffrard's popularity, and had him arrested to try to bring him to justice, but the court martial acquitted him for misconduct. In 1849, under the reign of Soulouque, Geffrard commanded an expedition against the Dominican Republic during which he was wounded at the Battle of Azua. He held the highest positions in the army under the government of Faustin Soulouque and under the Empire. In 1849 Soulouque became Emperor Faustin I and appointed Geffrard to command a division of the army during the first war against Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic), in which he gained fame by his victory at La Tabarra. During the second war against Santo Domingo (1856) General Geffrard distinguished himself on several occasions, in particular thanks to the skillful direction of the artillery in Banico

. He was thus titled Duke of Tabarre for his military success. But as this regime became unpopular, Geffrard was threatened by Emperor Faustin I. Arrested, he escaped and organized a revolt, which led to the fall of the Empire. On 15 January 1859, minutes after the abdication of Emperor Faustin I, he proclaimed the Third Republic and was elected president.

Presidency

His first act as president was to cut the army in half from 30,000 to 15,000. He also formed his own presidential guards called

Les Tirailleurs de la Garde

, who were trained under him personally. In June 1859, Geffrard founded the National Law School and reinstituted the Medical School that Boyer began. His ministers of Education, Jean Simon Elie-Dubois and François Elie-Dubois, modernized and established many lycea in Jacmel, Jérémie, Saint-Marc, and Gonaïves. On 10 October 1863, he reintroduced the colonial law that required roads to be built and maintained. He also revived the policy of former rulers Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Alexandre Pétion and Jean-Pierre Boyer of recruiting African Americans to settle in Haiti. In May 1861, a group of African Americans led by James Theodore Holly settled east of Croix-des-Bouquets. However, by 1862, Geffrard began to examine the constitution and eliminated the legislature to his own benefit. He first gave himself a raise, 2 plantations, and paid for his personal luxuries with hospital funds and army funds. In 1863, he reformed the monetary system to that of the present day.

Geffrard was a Catholic, which made him renounce any form of the Voodoo faith. He gave orders to demolish altars, drums, and any other instruments used in ceremonies. In 1864, a twelve-year-old girl was allegedly killed by Voodoo practitioners in a gruesome fashion and cannibalized. Geffrard ordered a deep investigation and a public execution was held. This case became the famous Affaire de Bizoton, a sensationalized account of which was featured in British minister Sir Spenser St. John's best-selling book, Hayti, or the black republic.^[4]

In 1859, Geffrard made the first attempt in negotiating with the Dominican Republic under the regime of Pedro Santana. Unfortunately, in March 1861, Pedro gave his country back to Queen Isabella II of Spain, thus making Haitian officials nervous about having a European power back on their borders. In May of that year, guerilla war broke out in Santo Domingo against Spain. Geffrard sent his personal guards and men to help out the rebels against Spanish troops, but in July 1861, following the execution of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, Spain gave Haiti an ultimatum for participating and supporting the Dominican rebels. In the end, Geffrard agreed to surrender to Spanish demands and dropped all intervention within Spanish territory in the east. This episode left many Haitians humiliated and angry at Geffrard because he backed down to a European nation while Faustin Soulouque would have never accepted it.

Geffrard, like many Haitians, supported the

Florida Straits^{[citation needed}

]. Haiti also took advantage of the war to become a major exporter of cotton to the United States, and Geffrard imported gins and technicians to increase production. However, the crops failed in 1865 and 1866, and by that point the United States was again exporting cotton.

Failed coups against Geffrard

By the eighth month of Geffrard's presidency, Faustin Soulouque's minister of interior, Guerrier Prophète, began to lay out his plan to overthrow Geffrard. Fortunately for Geffrard, his plan was picked up by Geffrard's guards and Prophète was exiled. In September 1859, Geffrard's daughter Madame Cora Manneville-Blanfort was assassinated^[why?] by Timoleon Vanon. In 1861, General Legros tried to take over the weaponry storage but was detained by government forces. In 1862, Etienne Salomon tried to rally the rural community to revolt against Geffrard, but was instead shot and killed. In 1863, Aimé Legros gathered troops to overthrow Geffrard, but his troops betrayed him, and he was shot. In 1864, the elite community in Port-au-Prince tried to take over the weaponry storage, but the conspirators were later prosecuted and sentenced to jail. In 1867, Geffrard's bodyguards, Tirailleurs, betrayed him^[why?] and tried to assassinate him inside the national palace.^{[citation needed]}

Overthrow

In 1865, Major

Jamaica, where he died in Kingston in 1878.^{[citation needed}

]

Family

Geffrard, with his wife Marguerite Lorvana McIntosh, had several children:

Laurinska Madiou
Celimene Cesvet
Cora Manneville-Blandfort (d. 1859)
Marguerite Zéïla Geffrard
Claire Geffrard
Angèle Dupuy
Charles Nicholas Clodomir Fabre Geffrard (1833-1859)

Footnotes

ISBN 978-0-598-57805-1
.

ISBN 9780813031071
. Retrieved 4 March 2014.

ISBN 0-8160-3811-2
.

^ Webb, Jack Daniel. “Hayti, or, the Black Republic.” Haiti in the British Imagination: Imperial Worlds, 1847-1915, Liverpool University Press, 2020, pp. 139–88. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1b4gv6g.8. Accessed 28 Oct. 2023.

Political offices

Preceded by
Faustin I

Emperor of Haiti
President of Haiti
1859–1867 Succeeded by
Sylvain Salnave
President of Haiti

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabre_Geffrard&oldid=1221102590"

[Brown1874-1] ISBN 978-0-598-57805-1
.

[2] ISBN 9780813031071
. Retrieved 4 March 2014.

[3] ISBN 0-8160-3811-2
.

[4] Webb, Jack Daniel. “Hayti, or, the Black Republic.” Haiti in the British Imagination: Imperial Worlds, 1847-1915, Liverpool University Press, 2020, pp. 139–88. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1b4gv6g.8. Accessed 28 Oct. 2023.

[3]

[4]