Fealty

An oath of fealty, from the Latin fidelitas (faithfulness), is a pledge of allegiance of one person to another.

Definition

In

medieval Europe, the swearing of fealty took the form of an oath made by a vassal, or subordinate, to his lord. "Fealty" also referred to the duties incumbent upon a vassal that were owed to the lord, which consisted of service and aid.^[1]

One part of the oath of fealty included swearing to always remain faithful to the lord. The oath of fealty usually took place after the act of

homage, when, by the symbolic act of kneeling before the lord and placing his hands between the hands of the lord, the vassal became the "man" of the lord. Usually, the lord also promised to provide for the vassal in some form, either through the granting of a fief or by some other manner of support.^[2] Typically, the oath took place upon a religious object such as a Bible or saint's relic, often contained within an altar, thus binding the oath-taker before God. Fealty and homage were key elements of European feudalism

.

Fealty is distinct from other parts of the homage ceremony, and is usually used only to refer to that part of the ceremony where a vassal swore to be a good vassal to his lord.[3]

History

In

dominium directum

, lit. "direct ownership").

In the Late Middle Ages, the investiture and oath of fealty were invariably recorded by a deed; in modern times, this replaced the traditional ceremony. Where the geographical distance between the two parties was significant, the lord could name a representative before whom the oath was to be sworn.

The whole contract including the oath of fealty was part of a formal commendation ceremony that created the feudal relationship.^[2]

The term is also used by English-speakers to refer to similar oaths of allegiance in other feudal cultures, as with medieval Japan, as well as in modern organized crime.

Citations

^ Coredon, A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases, p. 120
^ ^a ^b Saul, "Feudalism", Companion to Medieval England, pp. 102–105
^ McGurk, Dictionary of Medieval Terms, p. 13

General and cited references

Coredon, Christopher (2007). A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases (Reprint ed.). Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer.
ISBN 978-1-84384-138-8
.

McGurk, J. J. N. (1970). A Dictionary of Medieval Terms: For the Use of History Students. Reigate, UK: Reigate Press for St Mary's College of Education.
OCLC 138858
.

ISBN 0-7524-2969-8
.

External links

The dictionary definition of fealty at Wiktionary

[Coredon120-1] Coredon, A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases, p. 120

[Saul102-2] Saul, "Feudalism", Companion to Medieval England, pp. 102–105

[mcgurk13-3] McGurk, Dictionary of Medieval Terms, p. 13

[1]

[2]