Folmar of Karden
Folmar of Karden | |
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German | |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
Folmar of Karden (ca. 1135 – 1189), also occurring in the variant forms Fulmar, Vollmar, Volcmar, Formal, or Formator, was the
prince elector.[1] He opposed the emperor in the late twelfth-century phase of the Investiture Controversy. The historian Bernhard von Simson characterized Folmar as "that restless, ambitious, and hard-hearted man."[2]
Biography
Early career
Possibly a relation of the Counts of Bliescastel,[3] Folmar was provost in the city of Karden on the Moselle, and became an archdeacon in Trier and Metz.[4]
Election
On the death on May 25, 1183 of the previous archbishop, the pro-
Lucius III somewhat dubiously ratified the election after the Synod of Verona.[7] Nevertheless, the Emperor had Rudolf formally invested as anti-archbishop.[8] Folmar proceeded to Italy, where the case was argued inconclusively before the Roman Curia.[9] At length, Folmar was consecrated by Pope Urban III in Verona on Whit-Sunday
(June 1) of 1186.
Dispute
He hastened to return in disguise from
excommunications of Peter of Brixey and Bishop Henry of Verdun.[12] (These excommunications were nullified by a bull of Gregory VIII issued on 30 November 1187.)[13] Armed clashes between the two factions became common, and it was said that the violence in the diocese was a fulfillment of the baleful prophecies of Hildegard of Bingen.[14]
Exile, Deposition, and Death
Folmar proceeded to
John I.[21]
In popular culture
Folmar is among a number of historical characters depicted in the 2013 German historical novel, Das Salz der Erde (German: The Salt of the Earth) by Christoph Lode (writing under the name "Daniel Wolf").
Footnotes
- ^ Because Folmar was never formally installed in the see, he is often omitted (as is Rudolf of Wied) from official lists of the Bishops of Trier, e.g., the list displayed in Trier Cathedral.
- ultramontane" interference in German internal politics, typical of the Protestant historiography of the Wilhelmine German Empire, must be taken into account in his evaluation of Folmar's character and actions.
- ^ ADB, Vol. 14, p. 420. Simson disputes this, GddK, Vol. VI, p. 58, n. 1.
- ^ GddK, Vol. VI, p. 58.
- ^ Concilium Germaniæ, p. 437. Schannat lays stress on the choice of Folmar by the "people or the nobility," while Rudolf had been chosen by the "Clerus Trevericus."
- ^ Gesta Treverorum, Vol. 1, pp. 272-275. According to the Gesta, Folmar insisted that the election be held immediately after the funeral of the deceased archbishop; while most of Rudolf's adherents expected to be called for a formal ballot in the afternoon, Folmar's supporters insisted on an immediate vote during which most of the canons and prelates in attendance were still at lunch. Rudolf's supporters immediately sent messengers to Barbarossa, then at Konstanz, to dispute the election.
- ^ Morris 1989, p. 199.
- ^ ADB, vol. 7, p. 431. Under the terms of the Concordat of Worms, disputed elections were to be settled by the Emperor. When both parties were summoned to Konstanz, Folmar alleged threats to his safety and failed to appear; Barbarossa unsurprisingly ruled in Rudolf's favor.
- ^ GddK, Vol. VI, p. 130. The Papal Chancellor, Cardinal Alberto di Morra, who generally pursued a conciliatory line toward the Emperor, argued strongly in favor of setting aside both candidates and allowing the canons of Trier to hold a new election, but was overruled by Pope Urban.
- ^ GddK, Vol. VI, p. 142.
- ^ ADB, Vol. 26, pp. 3-8.
- ^ Concilium, loc. cit. The two latter, suffragans of Trier, had refused either to attend the Synod of Mouzon or to lend aid to recover the Archbishopric from Rudolf.
- ^ GddK, Vol. VI, p. 170.
- ^ GddK, Vol. VI, p. 142.
- ^ GddK, Vol. VI, pp. 175-176.
- ^ Hoveden, Chronica, Volume 3., p. 8.
- ^ Hoveden, Chronica, Volume 3., p. 15.
- ^ Benedict, Gesta Henrici, Volume 2., p. 79, n. 1.
- ^ Heinrich Beyer; Leopold Eltester; Adam Goerz (1860–1873), Mittelrheinisches Urkundenbuch (MRUB) (in German), vol. Band II, Koblenz, pp. 130–132
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hoveden, Chronica, Volume 3., p. 18.
- ^ ADB, Vol. 14, p. 420.
References
- Heinrich Beyer, Leopold Eltester, & Adam Goerz (1860–1873), Mittelrheinisches Urkundenbuch (MRUB), Band II, Koblenz, pp. 130–132. Available on Google Books here:Vol. 2. (in German and Latin).
- Bernhard Endrulat (1877), "Friedrich I. Barbarossa", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 7, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 491–436 (in German)
- Bernhard Endrulat (1881), "Johann I., Erzbischof von Trier", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 14, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 420–421(in German)
- Giesebrecht, Wilhelm von & Simson, Bernhard von (1895), Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vol. VI, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, available at the Internet Archive here: Volume VI. (in German)
- Lode, Christoph (as Daniel Wolf) Das Salz der Erde ("The Salt of the Earth"). Goldmann, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-442-47947-4
- Wilhelm Martens (1888), "Philipp von Heinsberg, Erzbischof von Köln", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 26, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 3–8 (in German)
- Morris, Colin (1989). The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford University Press.
- Concilia Germaniæ (ed. Johann Friedrich Schannat and Joseph Hartzmann, S.J.) (11 fol. vols., 1759–90). Cologne, 1760. (Full text available at Google Books Volume 3.: Ab Anno M. Ad MCCXC.) (in Latin)
- Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Hovedene (ed. William Stubbs) (4 vols., Rolls series, 1868–71), available at the Internet Archive here: Volume 3. (in Latin)
- Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis (ed. William Stubbs) (2 vols., Rolls series, 1868–71), available at Google Books here: Volume 2. (in Latin)
- Gesta Trevirorum (ed. Johann Hugo Wyttenbach and Franz Joseph Müller) (8 vols.), available at the Internet Archive here: Volume 1. (in Latin)
- Folmar von Karden in den Saarländischen Biografien Archived 24 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
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