Verona
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Verona
| ||
---|---|---|
Comune di Verona | ||
ISTAT code 023091 | | |
Patron saint | Saint Zeno of Verona | |
Saint day | 12 April | |
Website | www | |
Criteria | Cultural: ii, iv | |
Reference | 797 | |
Inscription | 2000 (24th Session) | |
Area | 444.4 ha | |
Buffer zone | 303.98 ha |
Verona (/vəˈroʊnə/ və-ROH-nə, Italian: [veˈroːna] ; Venetian: Verona or Veròna) is a city on the River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants.[3] It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region, and is the largest city municipality in the region and in northeastern Italy. The metropolitan area of Verona covers an area of 1,426 km2 (550.58 sq mi) and has a population of 714,310 inhabitants.[4] It is one of the main tourist destinations in Northern Italy because of its artistic heritage and several annual fairs and shows as well as the opera season in the Arena, an ancient Roman amphitheater.
Between the 13th and 14th centuries, the city was ruled by the della Scala Family. Under the rule of the family, in particular of Cangrande I della Scala, the city experienced great prosperity, becoming rich and powerful and being surrounded by new walls.[5] The della Scala era is preserved in numerous monuments around Verona.
Two of William Shakespeare's plays are set in Verona: Romeo and Juliet (which also features Romeo's visit to Mantua) and The Two Gentlemen of Verona. It is unknown if Shakespeare ever visited Verona or Italy, but his plays have lured many visitors to Verona and surrounding cities. Verona was also the birthplace of Isotta Nogarola, who is said to be the first major female humanist and one of the most important humanists of the Renaissance.[6] In November 2000, the city was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO because of its urban structure and architecture.
The city is scheduled to host the 2026 Winter Olympics closing ceremonies.
History
The precise details of Verona's early history remain a mystery along with the origin of its name. One theory is that it was a city of the Euganei, who were obliged to give it up to the Cenomani (550 BC). With the conquest of the Valley of the Po, the Veronese territory became Roman about 300 BC. Verona became a Roman colonia in 89 BC. It was classified as a municipium in 49 BC, when its citizens were ascribed to the Roman tribe Poblilia or Publicia.
The city became important because it was at the intersection of several roads.
In 569, it was taken by Alboin, King of the Lombards,[8] in whose kingdom it was, in a sense, the second most important city. There, Alboin was "killed by his own people with the connivance of his wife" in 572.[9] The dukes of Treviso often resided there. Adalgisus, son of Desiderius, in 774 made his last resistance in Verona to Charlemagne, who had destroyed the Lombard kingdom.[10] Verona became the ordinary residence of the kings of Italy, the government of the city becoming hereditary in the family of Count Milo, progenitor of the counts of San Bonifacio. From 880 to 951 the two Berengarii resided there.
Under
When Ezzelino III da Romano was elected podestà in 1226, he converted the office into a permanent lordship. In 1257 he caused the slaughter of 11,000 Paduans on the plain of Verona (Campi di Verona).[clarification needed] Upon his death, the Great Council elected Mastino I della Scala as podestà, and he converted the "signoria" into a family possession, though leaving the burghers a share in the government. Failing to be re-elected podestà in 1262, he affected a coup d'état, and was acclaimed Capitano del Popolo, with the command of the communal troops. Long internal discord took place before he succeeded in establishing this new office, to which was attached the function of confirming the podestà. In 1277, Mastino della Scala was killed by the faction of the nobles.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Statua_equestre_Cangrande_della_Scala_%28Verona%29.jpg/220px-Statua_equestre_Cangrande_della_Scala_%28Verona%29.jpg)
The reign of his son Alberto della Scala as capitano (1277–1302) was a time of incessant war against the counts of San Bonifacio, who were aided by the House of Este. Of his sons, Bartolomeo, Alboino and
Cangrande was succeeded by Mastino II (1329–1351) and Alberto, sons of Alboino. Mastino continued his uncle's policy, conquering Brescia in 1332 and carrying his power beyond the Mincio. He purchased Parma (1335) and Lucca (1339). After the King of France, he was the richest prince of his time. A powerful league was formed against him in 1337 – Florence, Venice, the Visconti, the Este, and the Gonzaga. After a three years war, the Scaliger dominions were reduced to Verona and Vicenza (Mastino's daughter Regina-Beatrice della Scala married to Barnabò Visconti). Mastino's son Cangrande II (1351–1359) was a cruel, dissolute, and suspicious tyrant; not trusting his own subjects, he surrounded himself with Brandenburg mercenaries. He was killed by his brother Cansignorio (1359–1375), who beautified the city with palaces, provided it with aqueducts and bridges, and founded the state treasury. He also killed his other brother, Paolo Alboino. Fratricide seems to have become a family custom, for Antonio (1375–1387), Cansignorio's natural brother, slew his brother Bartolomeo, thereby arousing the indignation of the people, who deserted him when Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan made war on him. Having exhausted all his resources, he fled from Verona at midnight on 19 October 1387, thus putting an end to the Scaliger domination, which, however, survived in its monuments.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Leone_di_San_Marco_a_Verona.jpg/220px-Leone_di_San_Marco_a_Verona.jpg)
The year 1387 is also the year of the Battle of Castagnaro, fought between Giovanni Ordelaffi for Verona and John Hawkwood for Padua. The latter emerged as the winner.
Antonio's son Canfrancesco attempted in vain to recover Verona (1390). Guglielmo (1404), natural son of Cangrande II, was more fortunate; with the support of the people and the Carraresi, he drove out the Milanese, but he died ten days after. After a period of Cararrese rule, Verona submitted to Venice (1405). The last representatives of the Scaligeri lived at the imperial court and repeatedly attempted to recover Verona by the aid of popular risings.
From 1508 to 1517, the city was in the power of the
In 1776, a method of bellringing was developed called
The Congress of Verona, which met on 20 October 1822, was part of the series of international conferences or congresses, opening with the Congress of Vienna in 1814–1815, that marked the continuing enforcement of the "Concert of Europe".
In 1866, following the Third Italian War of Independence, Verona, along with the rest of Venetia, became part of a united Italy.
The advent of fascism added another dark chapter to the annals of Verona. Throughout Italy, the Jewish population was hit by the Manifesto of Race, a series of anti-Semitic laws passed in 1938, and after the invasion by Nazi Germany in 1943, deportations to Nazi concentration camps. An Austrian Fort (now a church, the Santuario della Madonna di Lourdes), was used to incarcerate and torture Allied troops, Jews and anti-fascists, especially after 1943, when Verona became part of the Italian Social Republic.
During Austrian rule Verona became of great strategic importance to the regime. Galeazzo Ciano, Benito Mussolini's son-in-law, was accused of plotting against the republic; in a show trial staged in January 1944 by the Nazi and fascist hierarchy at Castelvecchio (the Verona trial), Ciano was executed on the banks of the Adige with many other officers on what is today Via Colombo. This marked another turning point in the escalation of violence that would only end with the final liberation by allied troops and partisans on 26 April 1945.
After World War II, as Italy joined the NATO alliance, Verona once again acquired its strategic importance, due to its geographical closeness to the Iron Curtain. The city became the seat of SETAF (South European Allied Terrestrial Forces) and had during the whole duration of the Cold War period a strong military presence, especially American, which has since decreased.
Geography
Climate
Verona has a
Climate data for Verona (Villafranca Airport) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
36.6 (97.9) |
38.1 (100.6) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.0 (102.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
39.0 (102.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.4 (86.7) |
25.4 (77.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
18.4 (65.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
19.6 (67.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
13.8 (56.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.5 (31.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
3.9 (39.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
4.8 (40.6) |
0.2 (32.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −18.4 (−1.1) |
−18.4 (−1.1) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.3 (45.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−15.5 (4.1) |
−18.4 (−1.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42.7 (1.68) |
45.4 (1.79) |
45.1 (1.78) |
72.3 (2.85) |
81.9 (3.22) |
72.2 (2.84) |
62.9 (2.48) |
71.8 (2.83) |
90.9 (3.58) |
85.8 (3.38) |
95.9 (3.78) |
64.6 (2.54) |
831.7 (32.74) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.9 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 82.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
82.1 | 75.3 | 71.8 | 71.1 | 70.2 | 70.1 | 70.1 | 71.6 | 73.5 | 79.3 | 83.1 | 82.7 | 77 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 0.49 (32.88) |
0.61 (33.10) |
3.93 (39.07) |
7.59 (45.66) |
12.05 (53.69) |
16.12 (61.02) |
18.18 (64.72) |
18.57 (65.43) |
14.60 (58.28) |
10.85 (51.53) |
6.22 (43.20) |
1.38 (34.48) |
9.22 (48.59) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 91.3 | 131.1 | 181.5 | 184.1 | 237.7 | 259.5 | 307.6 | 278.8 | 203.6 | 129.4 | 85.4 | 87.4 | 2,177.4 |
Source 1: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale(Monthly max-Precipitation and days)[16] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: |
Demographics
Country of birth | Population |
---|---|
![]() |
12,520 |
![]() |
7,234 |
![]() |
5,008 |
![]() |
3,233 |
![]() |
2,857 |
![]() |
2,500 |
![]() |
1,975 |
![]() |
1,444 |
In 2009, 265,368 people were residing in Verona, located in the province of Verona,
Government
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Palazzo_Barbieri-XE3F2501a.jpg/250px-Palazzo_Barbieri-XE3F2501a.jpg)
Since the local government political reorganization in 1993, Verona has been governed by the City Council of Verona, which is based in Palazzo Barbieri. Voters elect directly 33 councilors and the Mayor of Verona every five years.
Verona is also the capital of its own province. The Provincial Council is seated in Palazzo del Governo. The current Mayor of Verona is Damiano Tommasi, elected on 26 June 2022.[23]
Verona has traditionally been a right-wing traditionalist Catholic city, reflecting its former status as one of the major cities of Italian Social Republic, and the right-wing politics of the Veneto region. In October 2018, Verona became the first city in Italy to declare itself pro-life, and hosted the American Christian right lobby group World Congress of Families' conference in 2019.[24][25][26] Despite this, since the mayors became directly elected in 1994, the city has elected two left-wing mayors - Paolo Zanotto in 2002 and current mayor Damiano Tommasi in 2022, largely due to incumbent mayor Federico Sboarina's refusal to include center-right parties in his right-wing coalition.[27]
Main sights
Because of the value and importance of its many historical buildings, Verona has been named a
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PanoramaCSP.jpg/800px-PanoramaCSP.jpg)
Roman edifices
The
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italy_-_Verona_-_Arena.jpg/220px-Italy_-_Verona_-_Arena.jpg)
Verona is famous for its
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Piazza_delle_Erbe_-_Palazzo_Maffei_%28Verona%29.jpg/220px-Piazza_delle_Erbe_-_Palazzo_Maffei_%28Verona%29.jpg)
Piazza delle Erbe, near the Roman forum was rebuilt by Cangrande I and Cansignorio della Scala I, lords of Verona, using material (such as marble blocks and statues) from Roman spas and villas.
There is also a variety of other
The
Nearby is the
Porta Leoni is the 1st century BC ruin of what was once part of the Roman city gate. A substantial portion is still standing as part of the wall of a medieval building. The street itself is an open archaeological site, and the remains of the original Roman street and gateway foundations can be seen a few feet below the present street level. As can be seen from there, the gate contains a small court guarded by towers. Here, carriages and travelers were inspected before entering or leaving the city.
The
Medieval architecture
The
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Piazza_dei_Signori_%28Verona%29.jpg/220px-Piazza_dei_Signori_%28Verona%29.jpg)
Piazza dei Signori is an elegant medieval square with various buildings and towers. It has a monument dedicated to Dante Alighieri.
The Basilica of San Lorenzo is another Romanesque church, albeit smaller. It dates from around 1177, but was built on the site of a Paleochristian church, fragments of which remain. The church is built of alternating tracks of brick and stone, and has two cylindrical towers, housing spiral staircases to the women's galleries. The interior is sober but still quiet. The striped bands of stone and brick and the graceful arches complement the setting.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Italy_-_Verona_-_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Italy_-_Verona_-_Cathedral.jpg)
The Verona Cathedral, also known as the Duomo, is a notable Romanesque church.
The Castelvecchio Bridge, also known as Ponte Scaligero, is a segmental arch bridge. At the time of its completion in 1356, it was the world's largest bridge arch. It has a span length of 48.70 m (159.78 ft).
Sport
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Italy_-_Verona_-_Stadio_Marcantonio_Bentegodi.jpg/220px-Italy_-_Verona_-_Stadio_Marcantonio_Bentegodi.jpg)
The city has two professional
Verona is home to the volleyball team Verona Volley (now in Serie A1), the rugby team Franklin and Marshall Cus Verona Rugby (now in Serie A1), and the basketball team Scaligera Basket (now in Legadue).
The city has twice hosted the UCI Road World Championships, in 1999 (with Treviso as co-host) and in 2004. The city also regularly hosts stages of the Giro d'Italia annual cycling race. Verona also hosted the baseball world cup in 2009, and the Volleyball World Cup in September–October 2010. Verona is hosting the Volleyball Women's World Championship in September–October 2014.[30]
Infrastructure and transport
Public transit
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/ATV_BMB_Avancity_%281582%29.jpg/220px-ATV_BMB_Avancity_%281582%29.jpg)
Public transit has been operated by the provincial public transport company, Azienda Trasporti Verona (ATV), since 2007. From 1884 to 1951, the city was served by the Verona tram network . Trolleybuses replaced the trams which were themselves replaced by buses in 1975. A new trolleybus network is currently under construction by ATV and is expected to open in 2026.[31]
An incline lift, the Verona funicular, opened in 2017 and provides access from the Ponte Pietra to the Roman theatre museum and San Pietro Castle.
Railways
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Verona_italia_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Verona_italia_-_panoramio.jpg)
Verona lies at a major route crossing where the north–south rail line from the Brenner Pass to Rome intersects with the east–west line between Milan and Venice, giving the city rail access to most of Europe. In addition to regional and local services, the city is served by direct international trains to Zurich, Innsbruck, and Munich. ÖBB nightjet provides overnight sleeper service via Verona on its La Spezia to Wien and München lines.[32]
Verona's main station is Verona Porta Nuova railway station, to the south of the city center. It is considered to be the ninth busiest railway station in Italy, handling approximately 68,000 passengers per day, or 25 million passengers per year.[33]
There is a lesser station to the east of the city at Porta Vescovo, which used to be the main station in Verona, but now only receives trains between Venice and Porta Nuova.
Airport
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Terminal_Partenze_Verona_Valerio_Catullo.jpg/220px-Terminal_Partenze_Verona_Valerio_Catullo.jpg)
There are direct flights between Verona and
Notable people
- Aleardo Aleardi (1812–1878), poet
- Berto Barbarani (1872–1945), poet
- Paolo Bellasio (1554–1594), composer of the Renaissance; member of the Roman School
- Stefano Bernardi (1580–1637), baroque composer
- Massimo Bubola, singer-songwriter born in Terrazzo
- Paolo Caliari (1528–1588), well known as "Veronese", painter
- Lou Campi (1905–1989), professional bowler
- Mario Capecchi (born 1937), Nobel prize in Medicine, 2007
- Giovanni Francesco Caroto, painter
- Catullus (c. 84-c. 54 BCE), Latin poet
- Walter Chiari (1924-1991), actor
- Gigliola Cinquetti (born 1947), singer who brought Italy its first Eurovision Song Contest win in 1964
- Lorenzo Comendich, painter
- Damiano Cunego, former world number 1 cyclist and former Giro d'Italia winner
- Giorgio de Stefani, tennis player, finalist at the 1932 French Open
- Franco Donatoni, composer
- Gino Fano, mathematician
- Girolamo Fracastoro, also known as Fracastorius, renowned scholar, physician, and poet
- Giovanni Giocondo, architect and scholar
- Girolamo dai Libri, illuminator of manuscripts and painter
- Romano Guardini, theologian
- Claudio Guglielmoni, retired professional football player
- Marc'Antonio Ingegneri, composer, teacher of Claudio Monteverdi
- Ernestine von Kirchsberg, Austrian landscape painter
- Girolamo Lancerotti, painter
- Cesare Lombroso, criminologist
- Scipione Maffei, writer and historian
- Matteo Manassero, British amateur golf champion, 2009
- Arnoldo Mondadori (1889-1971), editor
- Juliet Capulet, fictional characters from Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet
- Marcantonio Negri, Baroque composer, associate of Monteverdi
- Carlo Pedrotti, 19th-century composer, conductor, voice teacher, and opera administrator
- St. Peter Martyr, Dominican preacher and saint
- Ippolito Pindemonte, poet
- Ratherius, Medieval bishop and writer
- Francesca Rettondini, actress
- Carlo Rovelli, physicist and writer
- Vincenzo Ruffo, composer of the Renaissance
- Emilio Salgari (1862–1911), novelist
- Antonio Salieri (1750–1825), composer
- Michele Sammicheli, architect
- Sara Simeoni, the former world high jump primatist and Olympic gold medalist
- Marco Stroppa, composer
- Bartolomeo Tromboncino, composer of the Renaissance period
- Giorgio Zancanaro, baritone
- Achille Lauro, singer, rapper, and songwriter who represented San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Verona is
Albany, United States
Johannesburg, South Africa
Munich, Germany
Nagahama, Japan
Nîmes, France
Pula, Croatia
Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Belgium
Salzburg, Austria
Friendship pacts
Verona has friendly relations with:[35]
In popular culture
Two of William Shakespeare's plays, Romeo and Juliet and The Two Gentlemen of Verona, are set in the city of Verona.[36][37] No evidence suggests that Shakespeare had ever been to the city.
See also
- Idea Verona, an Italian language, art, and culture school for foreigners visiting or living in Verona
- Verona defensive system
- Roman walls of Verona
- Churches of Verona
References
- ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ "Verona Guide". verona.com. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ "Tales of Verona"
- ^ "Verona city – Tourism". www.turismoverona.eu. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Isotta Nogarola". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-317-86824-8.
- ISBN 978-90-04-25446-6.
- ISBN 978-90-04-30581-6.
Paul obviously felt it appropriate to expand considerably on the terse narrative contained in his (written) sources, adding the motifs of alcohol, provocation, seduction, and of course the gory skull-cup, instead of saying simply—as all other written sources do—that Alboin was killed by his own people, with the connivance of his wife.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-1342-3.
- ^ "Welsch-Bern". Zeno.org. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Solinas, Giovanni (1981). Storia di Verona (in Italian).
- ^ David Abulafia, Short Oxford History of Italy: Italy in the Central Middle Ages, Oxford University Press, 2004
- ISBN 1-85109-658-2
- ^ Thomas A. Blair, Climatology: General and Regional, Prentice Hall pages 131–132; Adriana Rigutti, Meteorologia, Giunti, p, 95, 2009.
- ^ "Valori climatici normali in Italia". Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
- NOAA. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- NOAA. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ "Verona Villafranca: Record mensili dal 1946" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^ Cittadini Stranieri – Verona
- ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ "Damiano Tommasi è il nuovo sindaco di Verona". Il Post (in Italian). 26 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- ^ "Italy's city of love becomes a battlefield". POLITICO. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "How Verona became a 'model city' for far-Right and ultra-Catholic alliances". openDemocracy. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "Verona defies Italy's abortion law and declares itself a 'pro-life city'". The Local Italy. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "Centre-left secures key victories in Italy's local election runoffs". the Guardian. 27 June 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "Santo Stefano – Fondazione Verona Minor Hierusalem". Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Basilica di San Zeno Maggiore". Retrieved 6 December 2021.
- ^ "Volleyball Women's World Championship 2014". FIVB. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
- ISSN 0266-7452
- ^ "Verona".
- ^ a b "Trains to and from Verona Airport (VRN)". Italian Airport Guide. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- ^ Liverpool – Verona Archived 8 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Grandi Eventi – Gemellaggi e Patti d'Amicizia". comune.verona.it (in Italian). Verona. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
- ^ The Setting of Romeo and Juliet: City of Verona, UNESCO, 16 June 2010, retrieved 30 December 2022
- ^ "The Two Gentlemen of Verona". www.folger.edu. 7 February 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
External links
Media related to Verona at Wikimedia Commons
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png)