Frank Hawthorne
Frank Hawthorne | |
---|---|
Born | Frank Christopher Hawthorne 8 January 1946 Bristol, England |
Alma mater | Imperial College London McMaster University |
Awards | Order of Canada Roebling Medal (2013) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Mineralogy and crystallography |
Institutions | University of Manitoba |
Website | frankhawthorne.com |
Frank Christopher Hawthorne as a rigorous approach to understanding the atomic arrangements, chemical compositions and paragenesis of complex oxide and oxysalt minerals.
Formal education
Frank C. Hawthorne was born in
Career and informal education
Frank Hawthorne graduated with a Ph.D. in 1973 and went on to a post-doctoral position with Professor Robert B. Ferguson in the Department of Geological Sciences at the
Scientific work
Traditionally,
Theoretical work
Bond topology as a theoretical basis for Mineralogy
Using
Work by the late Jeremy Burdett showed that the electronic energy density of states can be derived using the method of moments, and that the energy difference between two structures depends primarily on the first few disparate moments of their respective energy density of states[22] This leads to the following conclusions: (1) zero-order moments define chemical composition; (2) second-order moments define coordination numbers; (3) fourth- and sixth-order moments define local connectivity of coordination polyhedra; and (4) higher moments define medium- and long-range connectivity.[23] Using the moments approach, it may be shown that anion-coordination changes in chemical reactions quantitatively correlate with the reduced enthalpy of formation of the reactants from the product phases for some simple mineral reactions[24] and that changes in bond topology correlate with reduced enthalpy of formation for some simple hydrated phases[25]Chemical reactions in minerals
Using the moments approach (see above), chemical reactions in minerals may be divided into two types:[4] (1) Continuous reactions in which bond topology is conserved; and (2) discontinuous reactions in which bond topology is not conserved. (1) For continuous reactions, thermal expansion and elastic compression must be accompanied by element substitutions that maintain commensurability between different components of the structure. Hence one can define from an atomistic perspective the qualitative changes caused by variation in temperature and pressure. Extensive experimental work[26] has shown that short-range order is ubiquitous in amphiboles and defines the chemical pathways by which these minerals respond to varying temperature and pressure. The theoretical developments that underpin this behaviour indicate that they should apply to all other anisodesmic minerals[27] (2) Minerals in which bond topology is not conserved in chemical reactions form the majority of mineral species, but are less quantitatively abundant; however, they form the majority of the environmentally relevant minerals. The criteria that control the chemical composition and stability of these minerals at the atomic level may be derived from the valence-sum rule and valence-matching principle and much of this complexity can be quantitatively predicted reasonably well,[28] and species in aqueous solution also follow the valence-sum rule, and that their Lewis basicities scale with pH of the solution at maximum concentration of the species in solution[29] Complex species in aqueous solution actually form the building blocks of the crystallizing minerals, and hence the structures retain a record of the pH of the solutions from which they crystallized.
Structure hierarchy
A mathematical
Experimental work
The role of hydrogen in crystal structures
Hydrogen was long considered a fairly unimportant component in minerals, particularly when present as "water of hydration". This view has now changed: the polar nature of hydrogen controls the dimensions of polymerization of strongly bonded oxyanions in crystal structures,[40] giving rise to cluster, chain, sheet and framework structures. Minerals forming in the core, mantle and deep crust do not incorporate so much hydrogen, and hydrogen is also far less polar at high pressures due to symmetrization of donor and acceptor bonds, and minerals generally crystallize as frameworks. Minerals forming in the shallow crust or at the Earth's surface have cluster, chain, sheet and framework structures in response to the constituent hydrogen.
Short-range order-disorder in rock-forming minerals
Long-Range Order (LRO) describes the tendency for atoms to order at a specific location in a structure, averaged over the whole crystal. Short-Range Order (SRO) is the tendency for atoms to locally cluster in arrangements that are discordant with random distribution. A local form of Bond-Valence Theory (i.e., NOT a mean-field approach) can be used to predict patterns of SRO[41] Infrared spectroscopy (IR) in the fundamental OH-stretching region is sensitive to both LRO and SRO of species bonded to OH, and one can combine Rietveld structure refinement and IR spectroscopy to derive patterns of SRO.[42] Thus H can act as a local probe of SRO in many complex rock-forming minerals.[43]
Light lithophile elements in rock-forming minerals
Light lithophile elements (LLEs) can be important variable components in several groups of rock-forming minerals that were thought either to be free of LLEs, or to contain stoichiometrically fixed amounts of these components. Systematic examination of these types of crystal-chemical issues using a combination of SREF (Site-occupancy REFinement), SIMS (Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry) and HLE (Hydrogen-Line Extraction) showed this not to be the case.[44] Of particular importance are the role of Li, Ti and H in amphiboles,[45] Li and H in staurolite[46] and Li in tourmaline[47] This work has resulted in much improved understanding of the crystal chemistry of these minerals, and the possibility for more realistic activity models for their thermodynamic treatment.
Crystal chemistry of amphibole-supergroup minerals
In 1987, Hawthorne began collaboration with Roberta Oberti, Luciano Ungaretti and Giuseppe Rossi in Pavia using large-scale crystal-structure refinement and electron-microprobe analysis of amphiboles to solve many crystal-chemical problems, e.g.[48] This work has had a major impact on the understanding of amphibole structure, chemical composition and occurrence[49] and resulted in a more comprehensive classification and nomenclature for these minerals[50]
Crystal chemistry of tourmaline-supergroup minerals
The tourmaline minerals rival the amphiboles in complexity, and were relatively neglected until twenty-five years ago. Hawthorne and his students began crystal-chemical work on these minerals and rapidly identified a new subgroup of tourmaline minerals,[51] showed that tourmaline has more complicated cation-ordering patterns than was hitherto thought,[52] and a new classification scheme for the tourmaline-supergroup minerals was approved by t Intrernational Mineralogical Association.[53] There has since been a major increase in tourmaline studies, turning it into a petrogenetically useful mineral.
Description of new minerals
Systematic work on the crystal chemistry of rock-forming minerals have led to the discovery many hitherto unrecognized types of chemical substitution, e.g.[54] The main interest with regard to rare accessory minerals is the opportunity to examine novel crystal structures in relation to the hierarchical organization of structural arrangements in general. Often by serendipity, this work has led to some very interesting findings [e.g., the discovery of thiosulphate in sidpietersite[55] and [C4-Hg2+4]4+ groups in mikecoxite[56] Hawthorne has been involved in the discovery of 180 new mineral species.
Honours
- Frankhawthorneite is named after him[57]
- 1978, elected Fellow of the Mineralogical Society of America[58]
- 1983, awarded the Hawley Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada[59]
- 1985, elected Fellow of the Geological Association of Canada
- 1990, elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada[60]
- 1991, awarded the W.W. Hutchison Medal of the Geological Association of Canada[61]
- 1991, awarded a Killam Fellowship by the Canada Council[62]
- 1993, awarded the Willet G. Miller Medal of the Royal Society of Canada[63]
- 1994, awarded the Hawley Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada[64]
- 1995, awarded the Schlumberger Medal of the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[65]
- 1996, awarded the Logan Medal, the highest honour of the Geological Association of Canada[66]
- 1997, Rh Institute Foundation Award for Excellence in Research
- 1997, appointed Distinguished Professor of the University of Manitoba[67]
- 1998, awarded the Hawley Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada[68]
- 1999, awarded the Peacock Medal of the Mineralogical Association of Canada[69]
- 2001, awarded a Tier I Canada Research Chair in Crystallography and Mineralogy[70]
- 2001, listed by Sciencewatch as the most highly cited Mineralogist/Crystallographer for 1990–2000
- 2005, appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada[71]
- 2006, elected Foreign Fellow of the Russian Academy of Sciences[citation needed]
- 2007, listed by Thomson Scientific as the most highly cited Geoscientist in the world for the decade 1996–2007
- 2007, elected Fellow of the Geochemical Society[72]
- 2007, elected Fellow of the European Association of Geochemistry[73]
- 2008, awarded the Killam Prize in Natural Sciences by the Canada Council[citation needed][circular reference]
- 2009, awarded the IMA Medal of the International Mineralogical Association[74]
- 2009, awarded the Carnegie Medal by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History[75]
- 2010, awarded the Bancroft Medal of the Royal Society of Canada[76]
- 2012, awarded the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal[77]
- 2013, awarded the Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America[78]
- 2015, elected Life Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
- 2015, elected Fellow of the Geological Society of America[79]
- 2015, elected Honorary Fellow of the Russian Mineralogical Society
- 2016, elected Honorary Fellow of the Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia[80]
- 2016, special issue of the Canadian Mineralogist published to honour the career of Frank Hawthorne[81]
- 2017, awarded the Fersman Medal by the Fersman Mineralogical Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- 2018, appointed Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University of Manitoba[82]
- 2018, awarded Buerger Medal by the American Crystallographic Association[83]
- 2018, appointed Companion of the Order of Canada[84]
- 2020, elected to the Academia Europaea[85]
- 2021, elected Fellow of the American Crystallographic Association[86]
Bibliography
Journal articles
- Hawthorne, Frank C. (January 1981). "Crystal chemistry of the amphiboles". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 9A: 1–102.
- Hawthorne, F. C. (1 September 1983). "Graphical enumeration of polyhedral clusters". Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography. 39 (5): 724–736. ISSN 0108-7673.
- Hawthorne, Frank C. (May 1983). "The crystal chemistry of the amphiboles". The Canadian Mineralogist. 21 (2): 173–480.
- Burns, Peter C.; Grice, Joel D.; Hawthorne, Frank C. (1995). "Borate minerals. I. Polyhedral clusters and fundamental building blocks" (PDF). The Canadian Mineralogist. 33: 1131–1151. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
- Burns, Peter C.; Ewing, Rodney C.; Hawthorne, Frank C. (1997). "The crystal chemistry of hexavalent uranium: polyhedron geometries, bond-valence parameters, and polymerization of polyhedra" (PDF). The Canadian Mineralogist. 35: 1551–1570. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
- Hawthorne, Frank C.; Oberti, Roberta (October 2007). "Classification of the Amphiboles". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 67 (1): 55–88. .
- Hawthorne, Frank C. (2012). "A bond-topological approach to theoretical mineralogy: crystal structure, chemical composition and chemical reactions". Physics and Chemistry of Minerals. 39 (10): 841–874. S2CID 97959636.
- Hawthorne, F. C. (2014). "The structure hierarchy hypothesis". Mineralogical Magazine. 78 (4): 957–1027. S2CID 101776945.
- Hawthorne, F. C. (1 April 2015). "Toward theoretical mineralogy: A bond-topological approach". American Mineralogist. 100 (4): 696–713. S2CID 98836563.
- Day, Maxwell Christopher; Hawthorne, Frank Christopher (1 May 2022). "Bond topology of chain, ribbon and tube silicates. Part I. Graph-theory generation of infinite one-dimensional arrangements of ( T O 4 ) n − tetrahedra". Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations and Advances. 78 (3): 212–233. PMID 35502713.
Books
- Frank C. Hawthorne; Roberta Oberti; Giancarlo Della Ventura; Annibale Mottana, eds. (2007). Amphiboles: crystal chemistry, occurrence, and health issues. Mineralogical Society of America. OCLC 176897672.
- F. C. Hawthorne, ed. (2006). Landmark papers: structure topology. London: Mineralogical Society of Great Britain & Ireland. OCLC 191821912.
- Frank C. Hawthorne, ed. (1988). Spectroscopic methods in mineralogy and geology. Washington, D.C.: Mineralogical Society of America. OCLC 17967077.
References
- ^ a b The Chemical Bond in Inorganic Chemistry. The Bond Valence Model, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b Burdett JK, Lee S, Sha WC (1984) The method of moments and the energy levels of molecules and solids. Croat Chem Acta 57: 1193–1216,
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C. (2012) A bond-topological approach to theoretical mineralogy: crystal structure, chemical composition and chemical reactions. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 39, 841–874.
- ^ a b Hawthorne, F.C. (2015) Toward theoretical mineralogy: a bond-topological approach. American Mineralogist 100, 696-713.
- ^ https://brockhouse.mcmaster.ca/
- ^ Kampf, A.R., Cooper, M.A., Rossman, G.R., Nash, B.P., Hawthorne, F.C. & Marty, J. (2019): Davidbrownite-(NH4), (NH4,K)5(V5+O)2(C2O4)[PO2.75(OH)1.25]4·3H2O, a new phosphate-oxalate mineral from the Rowley mine, Arizona, USA. Mineralogical Magazine 83, 869-877.
- ^ Sokolova, E., Cámara, F. Abdu, Y.A., Hawthorne, F.C., Horváth, L. & Horváth, E.P. (2015): Bobshannonite, Na2KBa(Mn,Na)8(Nb,Ti)4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4(O,F)2, a new titanium-silicate mineral from Mt. Saint-Hilaire, Québec, Canada: Description and crystal structure. Mineralogical Magazine 79, 1791-1811.
- ^ Brown, I.D., and Shannon, R.D. (1973) Empirical bond-strength–bond-length curves from oxides. Acta Crystallographica, A29, 266–282.
- ^ URF: Kavanagh, R.J. (1987) The NSERC Program of University Research Fellowships. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education XVII-2, 59-77.
- ^ Sturman, B.D., Peacor, D.R. & Dunn, P.J. (1981) Wicksite, a new mineral from northeastern Yukon Territory. Canadian Mineralogist 19, 377-380.
- ^ https://www.linkedin.com/in/terri-ottaway-4b811619/
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Cooper, M.A., Grice, J.D. & Ottolini, L. (2000) A new anhydrous amphibole from the Eifel region, Germany: Description and crystal structure of obertiite, NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2. American Mineralogist 85, 236-241.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Cannillo, E., Sardone, N., Zanetti, A., Grice, J.D. & Ashley, P.M. (1995) A new anhydrous amphibole from the Hoskins mine, Grenfell, New South Wales, Australia: Description and crystal structure of ungarettiite, NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)Si8O22O2. American Mineralogist 80, 165-172.
- ^ Della Ventura, G., Parodi, G.C., Mottana, A. and Chaussidon, M. (1993) Peprossiite-(Ce), a new mineral from Campagnano (Italy): the first anhydrous rare-earth-element borate. European Journal of Mineralogy 5, 53-58.
- ^ Tait, K.T., Hawthorne, F.C., Grice, J.D., Ottolini, L. & Nayak, V.K. (2005) Dellaventuraite, NaNa2(MgMn3+2Ti4+Li)Si8O22O2, a new anhydrous amphibole from the Kajlidongri Manganese Mine, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh, India. American Mineralogist 90, 304-309.
- ^ http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/smith-joseph-v.pdf
- ^ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elena-Sokolova-10; Pautov, L., Agakhanov, A.A. Bekenova, G.K. (2006) Sokolovaite CsLi2AlSi4O10F2 - a new mineral species of the mica group. New Data on Minerals 41, 5-13.
- ^ Cámara, F., Sokolova, E., Hawthorne, F.C., Rowe, R., Grice, J.D., Tait, K.T. (2013) Veblenite, K22Na(Fe2+5Fe3+4Mn7)Nb3Ti(Si2O7)2(Si8O22)2O6(OH)10(H2O)3, a new mineral from Seal Lake, Newfoundland and Labrador: mineral description, crystal structure, and a new veblenite (Si8O22) ribbon. Mineralogical Magazine 77, 2955-2974.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C. (1983) Graphical enumeration of polyhedral clusters. Acta Crystallographica A39, 724 736.
- ^ a b Hawthorne, F.C. (2014) The Structure Hierarchy Hypothesis. Mineralogical Magazine 78, 957-1027.
- ^ Lussier, A.J., Hawthorne, F.C. (2021) Structure topology and graphical representation of decorated and undecorated chains of edge-sharing octahedra. Canadian Mineralogist 59, 9-30. Day, M.C., Hawthorne, F.C. (2022) Bond topology of chain, ribbon and tube silicates. Part I. Graph- theory generation of infinite one-dimensional arrangements of (TO4)n– tetrahedra. Acta Crystallographica A78, 212-233.
- ^ Burdett, J. K. (1987) Some structural problems examined using the method of moments. Structure and Bonding 65, 29-90.
- ^ name="H2015">Hawthorne, F.C. (2015) Toward theoretical mineralogy: a bond-topological approach. American Mineralogist 100, 696-713.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C. (2012) A bond-topological approach to theoretical mineralogy: crystal structure, chemical composition and chemical reactions. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 39, 841–874.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Sokolova, E. (2012) The role of H2O in controlling bond topology: The [6]Mg(SO4)(H2O)n (n = 0-6) structures. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 227, 594-603.
- ^ name="hawdel">Hawthorne, F.C., Della Ventura, G. (2007) Short-range order in amphiboles. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 67, 173–222
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C. (2016) Short-range atomic arrangements in minerals. I: The minerals of the amphibole, tourmaline and pyroxene supergroups. European Journal of Mineralogy 28, 513-536.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Schindler, M. (2008) Understanding the weakly bonded constituents in oxysalt minerals. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 223, 41-68.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Burns, P.C., Grice, J.D. (1996) The crystal chemistry of boron. Reviews in Mineralogy 33, 41-116.
- ^ Bragg, W.L. (1930) The structure of silicates. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 74, 237-305.
- ^ Belov, N.V. (1961) Crystal Chemistry of Silicates with Large Cations. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Burns, P.C., Grice, J.D. (1996) The crystal chemistry of boron. Reviews in Mineralogy 33, 41-116.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Schindler, M. (2014) Crystallization and Dissolution in Aqueous Solution: A Bond-valence Approach. In: Structure and Bonding. Bond Valences (Brown, I.D. & Poeppelmeier, K.R., eds.), Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 161-190.
- ^ Grice, J.D., Burns, P.C., Hawthorne, F.C. (1999) Borate minerals II. A hierarchy of structures based on the borate fundamental building block. Canadian Mineralogist 37, 731-762.
- ^ Lussier, A.J., Lopez, R.A.K., Burns, P.C. (2016) A revised and expanded structure hierarchy of natural and synthetic hexavalent uranium compounds. Canadian Mineralogist 54, 177-283.
- ^ Huminicki, D.M.C., Hawthorne, F.C. (2002) The crystal chemistry of the phosphate minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 48, 123-253.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Krivovichev, S.V., Burns, P.C. (2000) The crystal chemistry of sulfate minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 40, 1-112.
- ^ Majzlan, J., Drahota, P., Michal, F. (2014) Parageneses and crystal chemistry of arsenic minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 79, 17-184.
- ^ Krivovichev, S.V., Mentré, O., Siidra, O.I., Colmont, M. and Filatov, S.K. (2013) Anion-centered tetrahedra in inorganic compounds. Chemical Reviews 113, 6459-6535.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C. (1992) The role of OH and H2O in oxide and oxysalt minerals. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 201, 183-206.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C. (1997) Short-range order in amphiboles: a bond-valence approach. Canadian Mineralogist 35, 203-218.
- ^ Della Ventura, G., Robert, J.-L, Bény, J.-M., Raudsepp, M., Hawthorne, F.C. (1993) The OH-F substitution in Ti-rich potassium-richterites: Rietveld structure refinement and FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopic studies of synthetic amphiboles in the system K2O-Na2O-CaO-MgO-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-HF. American Mineralogist 78, 980-987.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C. (2016) Short-range atomic arrangements in minerals. I: The minerals of the amphibole, tourmaline and pyroxene supergroups. European Journal of Mineralogy 28, 513-536.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C. (1995) Light lithophile elements in metamorphic rock-forming minerals. European Journal of Mineralogy 7, 607-622.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Ungaretti, L., Oberti, R., Bottazzi, P., Czamanske, G.K. (1993) Li: An important component in igneous alkali amphiboles. American Mineralogist 78, 733-745; Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Zanetti, A., Czamanske, G.K. (1998) The role of Ti in hydrogen-deficient amphiboles: Sodic-calcic and sodic amphiboles from Coyote Peak, California. Canadian Mineralogist 36, 1253-1265.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Ungaretti, L., Oberti, R., Caucia, F., Callegari, A. (1993) The crystal chemistry of staurolite. III. Local order and chemical composition. Canadian Mineralogist 31, 597-616.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C. (1996) Structural mechanisms for light-element variations in tourmaline. Canadian Mineralogist 34, 123-132.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Ungaretti, L., Oberti, R., Cannillo, E., Smelik, E.A. (1994) The mechanism of [6]Li incorporation in amphiboles. American Mineralogist 79, 443-451. Oberti, R., Hawthorne, F.C., Ungaretti, L., Cannillo, E. (1995) [6]Al disorder in amphiboles from mantle peridotites. Canadian Mineralogist 33, 867-878. Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Sardone, N. (1996) Sodium at the A site in clinoamphiboles: the effects of composition on patterns of order. Canadian Mineralogist 34, 577-593.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Della Ventura, G., Mottana, A. (Editors) (2007) Amphiboles: Crystal Chemistry, Occurrence and Health Issues. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 67, 554 p.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Harlow, G.E., Maresch, W., Martin, R.F., Schumacher, J.C., Welch, M.D. (2012) Nomenclature of the amphibole super-group. American Mineralogist 97, 2031-2048.
- ^ MacDonald, D.J., Hawthorne, F.C., Grice, J.D. (1993) Foitite, a new alkali-deficient tourmaline: description and crystal structure. American Mineralogist 78, 1299-1303.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., MacDonald, D.J., Burns, P.C. (1993) Reassignment of cation site-occupancies in tourmaline: Al/Mg disorder in the crystal structure of dravite. American Mineralogist 78, 265-270.
- ^ Henry, D.J., Novák, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ertl, A., Dutrow, B.L., Uher, P., Pezzotta, F. (2011) Nomenclature of the tourmaline super-group minerals. American Mineralogist 96, 895-913.
- ^ Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Ungaretti, L., Grice, J.D. (1992) Leakeite, NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22 (OH)2, a new alkali amphibole from the Kajlidongri manganese mine, Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh, India. American Mineralogist 77, 1112-1115. Oberti, R., Della Ventura, G., Boiocchi, M., Zanetti, A., Hawthorne, F.C. (2017) The crystal chemistry of oxo-mangani-leakeite and mangano-mangani-ungarettiite from the Hoskins mine and their impossible solid-solution: An XRD and FTIR study. Mineralogical Magazine 81, 707-722.
- ^ Cooper, M.A. & Hawthorne, F.C. (1999) The structure topology of sidpietersite, Pb2+4(S6+O3S2-) O2(OH)2, a novel thiosulphate structure. Canadian Mineralogist 37, 1275-1282.
- ^ Cooper, M.A., Dunning, G.E., Hawthorne, F.C., Ma, C., Kampf, A.R., Spratt, J., Stanley, C.J., Christy, A.G. (2021) Mikecoxite, IMA 2021-060. CNMNC Newsletter 64. Mineralogical Magazine 85. https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2021.93
- ^ Grice, J.D. and Roberts, A.C. (1995) Frankhawthorneite, a unique HCP framework structure of a cupric tellurate. Canadian Mineralogist 33, 649-653.
- ^ http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/Awards/fellowslist.html
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- ^ file:///C:/Users/Frank-Laptop/Downloads/Killam-Research-Fellowships-Cumulative-List-2020.pdf
- ^ "Past Award Winners | the Royal Society of Canada". 21 October 2018.
- ^ Wicks, F.J. (1998) The Hawley Medal for 1994 to Frank Hawthorne, Luciano Ungaretti, Roberta Oberti, Franca Caucia and Athos Callegari. Canadian Mineralogist 22, 695.
- ^ https://www.minersoc.org/neumann.html; originally the Schlumberger Medal, it was renamed the Neumann Medal in 2022
- ^ "The Logan Medal". Archived from the original on 4 February 2001.
- ^ "Dr. Frank Hawthorne Profile Page | Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources | University of Manitoba".
- ^ Nichols, J. (1999) The Hawley Medal for 1998 to Frank C. Hawthorne. Canadian Mineralogist 36, 259.
- ^ Mitchell, R.M. (1999) The Past-Presidents' Medal for 1999 to Frank C. Hawthorne. Canadian Mineralogist 38, 261-262; note that the Past-Presidents' Medal has since been renamed the Peacock Medal.
- ^ https://www.umanitoba.ca/admin/bog/annual_report01/annual_report01.pdf, page 17
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- ^ "Fellowship - Current Fellows".
- ^ "Honorary Fellows".
- ^ "A Tribute to Frank Christopher Hawthorne".
- ^ "Dr. Frank Hawthorne Profile Page | Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources | University of Manitoba".
- ^ "Buerger Award".
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- ^ "Professor Emeritus Frank C. Hawthorne elected to the Academia Europaea". 26 July 2021.
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- http://archive.sciencewatch.com/july-aug2007/sw_july-aug2007_page1.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110706171052/http://www.canadacouncil.ca/news/releases/?Year=2008
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110725141340/http://www.carnegiemnh.org/minerals/hillman/awardees.html
- 2009 – IMA medal
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110608123447/http://www.rsc.ca/awards.php