Franklin White

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the British ballet dancer, see Franklin White (dancer).

Franklin White at home, circa 2008

Franklin Marshall Matthews White (born 1946) is a Canadian public health scientist focused on capacity building for international and global education, research and development. He advocates:

"Public health...must not be left to the international community to define; it is...the responsibility of the countries themselves to define their priorities. The global agenda should be viewed as complementary at best."[1]

"Health is mostly made in homes, communities and workplaces and only a minority of ill health can be repaired in clinics and hospitals."[2]

"Nations (must) assess their public health human resource needs and develop their ability to deliver this capacity, and not depend on other countries to supply it."[3]

“Public health and primary health care are the cornerstones of sustainable health systems, and this should be reflected in the health policies and professional education systems of all nations.”[4]

Early life

Born in

Petty Officer, Australian Navy Cadets, was prominent in track and field, and qualified (1963) as a junior rugby referee;[6] as a Queensland junior champion (1964), he represented the state in the 1965 Australian Athletics Championships. A Babayaga Trio member, he participated in Australian folk music
.

Education

His primary education was at Ironside State School and

FFPH
2003, by distinction).

Career

Public health surveillance and investigation

Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal

Appointed to McGill's department of epidemiology and health in 1972, he focused on occupational and

health systems and immunization policy.[20][21] He served on the National Advisory Committee on Epidemiology (1977–82), and the National Immunization Policy Committee (1978–81). He was co-chair (hygiene), Medical Committee, Commonwealth Games
, Edmonton 1977-78.

Academic and professional leadership in Canada

Dalhousie University, Halifax NS Faculty of Medicine

At age 36, he was appointed "

Community Health and Epidemiology at Dalhousie University (1982–89), and was an elected member of Senate for the same period. Cross-appointed to the Institute of Resource and Environmental Studies, he investigated human exposures to chemicals and pesticides.[22][23][24] Using Canada Fitness Survey data,[25] he focused on obesity measurement and prevalence,[26][27][28] and was first to reveal an independent association of waist:hip ratio (abdominal obesity) with hypertension in males.[29] A field investigation revealed the world's most northerly occurrence of endemic ascariasis.[30] Using records linkage, he investigated cancer incidence and mortality in indoor workers;[31] similar innovative methods were applied to an inter-provincial study of heart disease.[32]

He served on Health Canada's Epidemiology Science Panel (1983–84), Task Force on Obesity (1983–86), and Advisory Committee on Weight Standards (1985–87), and chaired the Review Panel, National Cancer Incidence Reporting System. In 1986, he was appointed Chief Examiner in Community Medicine, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (3-year term). In 1988, he became a founding member, Board of Trustees, Environmental Health Foundation of Canada, serving until 1994.

Elected President of the Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA) 1986–88, he advocated an international role for the association.[33][34] In November 1986, CPHA hosted the First International Conference on Health Promotion, which produced the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Also in 1986, CPHA launched the federally-funded Canadian International Immunization Initiative, in support of Commonwealth and Francophonie Countries. He served on the board of the Canadian Society for International Health (1992–96).

Capacity building - international and global

CARICOM member states

In international roles, he emphasized capacity building for public health education, research, policy and program development.

CARPHA, the Caribbean Public Health Agency, in 2013. During his term as Director, CAREC, White served on the Commonwealth Caribbean Medical Research Council, on the Technical Advisory Committee of the Caribbean Environmental Health Institute, and had formal observer status at the Caribbean Community
(CARICOM) Health Ministers conferences.

Pan American Health Organization headquarters building, Washington DC

Subsequently, based in Washington DC for the

The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, to become Collaborating Center for Supportive Cancer Care (1996–2008);[52][53] and Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (CENEXA), National University of La Plata, as Collaborating Centre for Diabetes Research, Education and Care (1997–2015).[54]
He served on the Board of Appeal, and the Implementation Group: performance planning and evaluation system.

Aga Khan University's Karachi campus.
Route of the Karakoram Highway

As Noordin M Thobani Professor and chair, Community Health Sciences,

Karakorum Highway), such as the Water and Sanitation Extension Program. He engaged in many locally conducted studies, including: childhood illnesses,[58][59][60] tuberculosis,[61][62] HIV/AIDS/STI,[63][64] reproductive health,[65][66] health systems,[67][68][69][70] environmental health,[71][72][73][74] and NCDs.[75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85]

In association with

Fogarty International Center
: advisory and selection committee for the AIDS International Training and Research Program, and was Principal Foreign Collaborator for: the Maternal and Child Health Research and Training Program, and the International Research and Training in Environmental and Occupational Health Program. From 2004 to 2009, he served on the International Advisory Board, National Action Plan, NCD Prevention, Control & Health Promotion, Pakistan.

During the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan (2001–14), White published his views and concerns in scientific journals: on the case for an epidemiology of terrorism and the potential for successive waves of violence, lamenting the "lack of enlightened leadership... which has brought us to this...":[86] the targeting of water supply infrastructure,[87] "collateral damage" among children,[88] and need for a stronger response from the global community, citing international law.[89]

Health systems planning, monitoring and evaluation

Entrance to the icddr,b head office, in Mohakhali, Dhaka.

In 2003, White launched Pacific Health & Development Sciences Inc. (PacificSci), a firm engaged in third party

International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b); Pakistan's Lady Health Worker Program (external reviewer to Oxford Policy Management); the International Development Research Centre; and (in support of Universalia Management Group, Ottawa-Montreal) the World Health Organization. PacificSci disincorporated in 2020. He served on the advisory board (2008–12) to establish the School of Public Health and Social Policy at University of Victoria, and on the inaugural international advisory board (health sciences) for Qatar University. For Kuwait University, he guided plans for a Faculty of Public Health (launched 2014). His health systems research[90][91][92] emphasizes that "health is mostly made in homes, communities and workplaces and only a minority of ill health can be repaired in clinics and hospitals",[93] that "nations (must) assess their public health human resource needs and develop their ability to deliver this capacity, and not depend on other countries to supply it."[94] and that "public health and primary health care are the cornerstones of sustainable health systems, and this should be reflected in the health policies and professional education systems of all nations."[95][96] He has also addressed the application of disease etiology and natural history to prevention in primary health care.[97]

Contributions to the reference literature

White has authored over 300 publications. He contributed to editions of the International Epidemiological Association's Dictionary of Epidemiology,

John M Last, in A Dictionary of Public Health (2007).[99] His editorial board service includes inter alia the Canadian Journal of Public Health (Chair 1982–86), the American Journal of Infection Control, the Journal of Public Health Policy, Medical Principles and Practice, and the Global Journal of Medicine and Public Health, emphasizing development settings.[100] He coauthored "international and global health" in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (McGraw Hill 2008).[101] He is senior author of Global Public Health - Ecological Foundations (Oxford University Press 2013).[102]

Recognition

Franklin White received the Medal of Honor (1997), PAHO/WHO's highest staff award, and the Breakthrough Award for Creativity (1990) from

WHO Collaborating Center for Rural & Border Health, University of Arizona, 1993. In 1990, he hosted Anne, Princess Royal, on her visit to the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre.[103]

Debra J Nanan and Franklin White Tea at Point No Point, BC, Sept 2012

Personal life

White lives in Victoria, BC, with Debra J Nanan, a retired

epidemiologist. He has three children by prior marriage, and four grandchildren. At the 1990 World Masters Athletics North American Championships,[104] he won the silver medal in pentathlon and bronze in 400 metres hurdles. In 1992 he published an account of sailing a small boat from Nova Scotia to the West Indies.[105] In 2005, one of a 3-man crew, he sailed a 42-foot ketch from Hawaii to British Columbia.[106] In 2020 he authored his father's biography Miner with a Heart of Gold - biography of a mineral science and engineering educator.[107]

Selected References

  1. ^ John TJ, White F. Public Health in South Asia. Chapter 10 in: Beaglehole R (ed) Global Public Health: a new era. Oxford University Press. 2003.
  2. ^ White F, Nanan D. Community Health Case Studies selected from Developing and Developed Countries – common principles for moving from evidence to action. Arch Med Sci 2008; 4,4:358–63.
  3. doi:10.1159/000354198
  4. ^ White F. Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems. Medical Principles and Practice. 2015;24,2:103-116. doi: 10.1159/000370197
  5. ^ Notes from University of Queensland Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. Professor FTM White, in: Personnel of the Department. Part 1. Page 2. Queensland Government Mining Journal, September, 1958.
  6. ^ Reflections 1912-2012. Eagles' Wings - journal of the Anglican Church Grammar School. December 2012.
  7. ISBN 978-0-646-55807-3
  8. ^ Massey D, Fournier-Massey G. Students as programmers. Br J Med Educ 1971,71,5:289-91
  9. ^ Rodney N. Global Public Health Expert: Dr Franklin White. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Alumni blog. January 26, 2017. http://blogs.lshtm.ac.uk/alumni/2017/01/26/global-public-health-expert-dr-franklin-white/ Archived 28 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Accessed Jan 30, 2017.
  10. ^ White FMM, Swift J, Becklake MR, Rheumatic complaints and pulmonary response to chrysotile dust in the mines and mills of Quebec. Can Med Assoc J 1974, 111: 533 5.
  11. ^ Archer DP, Gurekas VL, White FMM, Urinary fluoride excretion in school children exposed to fluoride air pollution: A Pilot Study. Can J Public Health 1975, 66: 407 10.
  12. ^ White FMM, A Perspective on the control of communicable diseases in Canada, Editorial. Can J Public Health 1976, 67: 449-53.
  13. ^ White ME, McDonnell SM, Werker DH, Cardenas VM, Thacker SB. Partnership in International Applied Epidemiology Training and Service. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001, 154, 11: 993-99
  14. ^ White F. Legionnaires disease in Canada 1974. Can Med Assoc J 1978, 119: 563.
  15. ^ White FMM, Pedersen BAT, Epidemic shigellosis on a work train in Labrador. Can Med Assoc J 1976, 115: 647 9.
  16. ^ Stiver HG, Albritton WL, Clark J, Friesen P, White F. Nosocomial colonization and infection due to E Coli 0125:K70 (B15) linked to expressed breast milk. Can J Public Health 1977;68:479-82.
  17. ^ White FMM, Constance P, Lacey B. An outbreak of poliovirus infections, Alberta 1978. Can J Public Health 1981, 72: 239 44.
  18. ^ Alleyne BC, Orford RR, Lacey BA, White FMM, Rate of slaughter may increase risk of human brucellosis in a meat packing plant. J Occ Med 1986, 28: 445 50.
  19. ^ White FMM, Imported Diseases: An Assessment of Trends. Can Med Assoc J 1977, 117: 241 5.
  20. ^ White FMM, Mathias RG, Immunization program planning in Canada. Can J Public Health 1982 73: 167 71.
  21. ^ White FMM, Policy for measles elimination in Canada and program implications. Rev Inf Dis 1983, 5: 577 82.
  22. ^ White FMM, Cohen F, Sherman G, McCurdy R, Chemicals, Birth Defects and Stillbirths in New Brunswick: Associations with Agricultural Activity. Can Med Assoc J 1988, 138: 117-24.
  23. ^ Cohen FG, White FMM, McCurdy R, Cote RP, Who Should Know? The Question of Access to Pesticide Registration Data in Canada. Can Med Assoc J. 1987; 136: 329-32.
  24. ISBN 0-88936-560-1
    .
  25. ^ White FMM, The Canada Fitness Survey: Implications for health research and public health practice. Can J Pub Health 1983, 74: 91 5.
  26. ^ White FMM, Pereira LH, Obesity: epidemiology and the problem of measurement. Can J Surgery 1984 27: 120 3.
  27. ^ White F, Pereira L, In Search of the Ideal Body Weight. Annals RCPSC 1987, 20, 2: 129 32.
  28. ^ Pereira L, White F, Prevalence and Health Consequences of Obesity. National Institute of Nutrition. Rapport 1987 2: 6 7.
  29. ^ White FMM, Pereira LH, Garner JB, The associations of body mass index and waist-hip ratio with hypertension. Can Med Assoc J. 1986; 135: 313-19,
  30. ^ Embil J, Pereira L, White FMM, Garner J, Manuel F, Prevalence of ascaris lumbricoides in a small Nova Scotia community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984, 33: 595 8.
  31. ^ White F, Dingle J, Heyge E, Cancer Incidence and Mortality among Office Workers. Can J Public Health 1988, 79: 31-6.
  32. ^ Nova Scotia-Saskatchewan Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology Group, Estimation of the Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction Using Record Linkage. Can J Pub Health.1989;80:412-7.
  33. ^ White F, The Canadian Public Health Association and International Health: A Perspective. Can J Public Health 1988,79:82-5.
  34. ^ Sustainability and Equity: Primary Health Care in Developing Countries, Position Paper sponsored by a CPHA Task Force (F.White, member), CPHA Health Digest 1990, 14: 2-5
  35. ^ White F. Capacity building for health research in developing countries: a manager’s approach. Pan Am J Public Health 2002; 12: 165-71.
  36. ^ White F, British Support for CAREC. Lancet 1991, 337: 1040-1.
  37. ^ White F, Hospedales CJ. Communicable Disease Control as a Caribbean Health Priority. Bull Pan Am Health Org. 1994, 28: 73-6.
  38. ^ White F, Miner K, Monteil S, Alperin M, Thomson N, Brachman P. Epidemiology training initiatives in the English-speaking Caribbean: preliminary evaluation. West Indian Med J. 1994, 43 (suppl.1): 19.
  39. ^ Narain JP, White F, Kimball A, Zessler L, Zacarias F. Combating AIDS in the Caribbean. A Coordinated Approach. Bull Pan Am Health Org 1990, 24: 335-40.
  40. ISBN 0-939704-10-2
    .
  41. ^ Newton EAC, White FMM, Sokal DC, King TDN, Forsythe SS. Modelling the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the English Speaking Caribbean. Bull Pan Am Health Org. 1994, 28: 239-49.
  42. ^ White F. De la evidencia al desempeno: como fijar prioridades y tomar buenas decisiones. Current Topics. Pan Am J Public Health 1998, 4: 69-74.
  43. ^ Jadue L, Vega J, Aedo C, Salazar R, Delgado I, White F, Robles S. Menejo de la Diabetes Mellitus: Aplicacion de un Programa Estandardizado de Evaluacion y Auto-control. S-53. Revista de la Asociacion Latinoamericana de Diabetes. 1998, VI, 2: 125.
  44. ^ Non-Communicable Diseases. Document for 120th Meeting of PAHO Executive Committee. CE120/18 Washington DC 1998
  45. ^ Diabetes in the Americas. Discussion Document for 29th Meeting of PAHO Directing Council. CD39/19 Washington DC 1996
  46. ^ White F (ed). Special Topic: The Declaration of the Americas on Diabetes. International Diabetes Federation Bulletin. 1997. 42: 10-34
  47. ^ Diabetes. In: Health in the Americas. Vol I. pp 175-176. Pan American Health Organization. 1998. Sci Pub No. 569.
  48. ^ White F, Nanan D. National Diabetes Program Status in the Americas. Bull World Health Organ. 1999,77:981-7.
  49. ^ White F. Developing effective and affordable models for noncommunicable disease prevention and control. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1494-5.
  50. ^ Robles SC, White F, Peruga A. Trends in Cervical Cancer Mortality in the Americas. Bull Pan Am Health Org. 1996. 30: 290-301.
  51. ^ Accidents and Violence. In: Health in the Americas. Vol II pp 176 –186 Pan American Health Organization 1998. Sci Pub No. 569
  52. ^ The MD Anderson Cancer Center. About the Collaborating Center. http://www3.mdanderson.org/depts/prg/aboutcc.htm Accessed 17 Nov 2015.
  53. ^ World Health Organization. WHO Collaborating Centre in Supportive Cancer Care. WHO Collaborating Centres Global database.http://apps.who.int/whocc/Detail.aspx?cc_ref=USA-290&cc_region=amro& Accessed 17 Nov 2015
  54. ^ World Health Organization. WHO Collaborating Centre for Diabetes Research, Education and Care. WHO Collaborating Centres Global database. http://apps.who.int/whocc/Detail.aspx?cc_ref=ARG-27&cc_code=arg Accessed 17 Nov 2015
  55. ^ John TJ, White F. Public Health in South Asia. Chapter 10 in: Beaglehole R (ed) Global Public Health: a new era. Oxford University Press. 2003.
  56. ^ White F. The Urban Health Project, Karachi. Bull World Health Organ 2000, 78: 565
  57. ^ White F. Editorial - Community Medicine: a specialty whose time has come. J Coll Physicians Surgeons Pakistan. 2001, 11: 733-5.
  58. ^ Fatmi Z, White F. A comparison of "cough and cold" and pneumonia: risk factors for pneumonia in under-5 years children revisited. Int J Infectious Diseases 2002; 6,4: 294-301.
  59. ^ Agha A, White F, Younis M, Kadir MM, Alir S, Fatmi Z. Eight key household practices of integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) amongst mothers of children aged 6 to 59 months in Gambat, Sindh, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2007; 57(6): 288-93
  60. ^ Khan AJ, Hussain H, Omer SB, Chaudry S, Ali S, Khan A, Yasin Z, Khan IJ, Mistry R, Baig IY, White F, Moulton LH, Halsey NA. High incidence of childhood pneumonia at high altitudes in Pakistan: a longitudinal cohort study. Bull World Health Organ 2009;87:193–99.
  61. ^ Akhtar S, White F, Hasan R, Rozi S, Younis M, Ahmed F, Husain S, Khan BS. Hyperendemic pulmonary tuberculosis in peri-urban areas of Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2007, 3; 7:70 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-70
  62. ^ Akhtar S, Rozi S, White F, Hasan R. Cohort analysis of directly observed treatment outcomes for tuberculosis patients in urban Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011, 15 (1): 90-6.
  63. ^ Nanan D, Kadir MM, White F. Survey and Surveillance Development in Settings with Low HIV Prevalence. Eastern Med Health J. 2000. 6: 670-677.
  64. ^ Raheel H, White F, Kadir M, Fatmi. Knowledge and beliefs of adolescents regarding STI and HIV/AIDS in a rural district of Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2007, 57: 8-11.
  65. ^ Saleem S, Sami N, White F, Hashmi S Emergency Contraception: Experiences of 174 women from squatter settlements of Karachi. J Coll Physicians Surgeons Pak. 2002, 12: 232-5.
  66. ^ Nisar N, White F. Factors affecting utilization of antenatal care among reproductive age group women (15-49 yrs) in an urban squatter settlement of Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc 2003, 53:47-53.
  67. ^ White F. Women, Literacy, and Leadership. Harvard International Review.2000. XXII, 2: 5-7.
  68. ISBN 9966-9796-0-3
    .
  69. ^ Akhtar S, White F. Animal disease surveillance: prospects for development in Pakistan. Scientifique et Technique de l’ Office International Epizooties 2003; 22: 977-87.
  70. ^ Butt Z, Gilani A, Nanan D, Sheik L, White F. Quality of Pharmacies in Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Qual Hlth Care. 2005; 17:307-13. Epub 2005 May 5.
  71. ^ Rahbar MH, White F, Agboatwalla M, Hozhabri S, Luby SP. Factors associated with elevated blood lead concentrations in children in Karachi, Pakistan. Bull World Health Organ 2002,80:769-75.
  72. ^ Paul R, White F, Luby S. Trends in Lead Content of Petrol in Pakistan. Bull World Health Organ 2003, 81: 468.
  73. ^ Hozhabri S, White F, Rahbar M, Agboatwalla M, Luby S. Elevated blood lead levels among children living in a fishing community, Karachi, Pakistan. Arch Environ Health 2005,59(1):37-41
  74. ^ Khushk WA, Fatmi Z, White F, Kadir MM. Health and social impact of improved stoves on women: a pilot intervention in rural Sindh, Pakistan. Indoor Air. 2005; 15 (5):311-6.
  75. ^ Nanan D, White F. Hypertension in Pakistani Women. In: The First International Conference on Women, Heart Disease and Stroke. Can J Cardiology. 2000; 16 (Suppl B 28): 23B-24B.
  76. ^ White F, Rafique G. Diabetes prevalence and projections in South Asia. Lancet 2002; 360:804-5
  77. ^ Jafar TH, Levey A, Jafary F, White F, Gul A, Rahbar M, Khan A, Hadden W, Hattersley A, Schmid C, Chaturvedi N. Ethnic subgroup differences of hypertension in Pakistan. J Hypertension. 2003 21:905-12.
  78. ^ Khuwaja AK, Rafique G, White F, Azam SI. Macrovascular complications and their associated factors among persons with Type 2 diabetes in Karachi, Pakistan – a multicentre study. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004; 54: 60-6.
  79. ^ Ismail J, Jafar TH, Jafary FH, White F, Faruqui AM, and Chaturvedi N. Risk factors for nonfatal myocardial infarction in young South Asian adults. Heart 2004; 90:259-63.
  80. ^ Jafar TH, Levey AS, White F, Gul A, Jessani S, Khan AQ, Jafary F, Schmid CH, Chaturvedi N. Ethnic differences and determinants of diabetes and central obesity among South Asians of Pakistan. Diabetic Medicine 2004; 21 (7): 716-23.
  81. ^ Rafique G, Azam SI, White F. Diabetes knowledge, beliefs and practices among people with diabetes attending a university hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. East Med Health J 2006,12,5:591-8.
  82. ^ Nanan D, White F. Overweight and obesity in Pakistan: additional evidence. Can Med Assoc J. On-line. 1 Nov 2006. L.
  83. ^ Azam SI, Khuwaja AK, Rafique G, White F. Assessment of quality of care for the management of type 2 diabetes: a multi-centre study from a developing country. Quality in Primary Care 2010, 18, 207-14.
  84. ^ Khuwaja AK, Lalani S, Dhanani R, Azam IS, Rafique G, White F. Anxiety and depression among outpatients with type 2 diabetes: A multi-centre study of prevalence and associated factors. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 2010, 2:72 doi:10.1186/1758-5996-2-72
  85. ^ Nanan D, White F, Azam I, Afsar H, Hozabri S. Evaluation of a water, sanitation and hygiene education intervention on diarrhoea in Northern Pakistan. Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81: 160-5.
  86. ^ White F. The case for an epidemiology of terrorism. Int J Epidemiol 2002;31,6:1273-4. http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/6/1273.extract
  87. ^ White F. Water: life force or instrument of war? Lancet 2002 Supplement 360:s29-s30.
  88. ^ White F. Editorial Infectious disease and malnutrition in children as "collateral damage" in the war on Iraq. Infect Dis J Pak. 2002; 11, 4: 109-110.
  89. ^ White F. Can International Public Health Law help to prevent war? Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81: 228.
  90. ^ White F, Nanan D. A Conversation on Health in Canada: revisiting universality and the centrality of primary health care. J Ambul Care Manage 2009;32:141-49.
  91. ^ White F. Development assistance for health - donor commitment as a critical success factor. Can J Public Health 2011; 102,6: 421-3.
  92. doi:10.1159/000370197
  93. ^ White F, Nanan D. Community Health Case Studies selected from Developing and Developed Countries – common principles for moving from evidence to action. Arch Med Sci 2008; 4,4:358–63.
  94. doi:10.1159/000354198
  95. ^ White F. Primary health care and public health: foundations of universal health systems. Medical Principles and Practice. 2015;24,2:103-116. doi: 10.1159/000370197
  96. ^ Rabbani F, Shipton L, White F et al. Schools of public health in low and middle-income countries: an imperative investment for improving the health of populations? BMC Public Health 2016; 16:941 DOI 10.1186/s12889-016-3616-6.
  97. ^ White F. Application of disease etiology and natural history to prevention in primary health care – a discourse. Med Princ Pract 2020;29:501–13.
  98. ^ Porta M.(ed) Dictionary of Epidemiology. 5th edition. International Epidemiological Association. Oxford University Press. 2008. New York.
  99. ^ Last JM. (ed) A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press 2007.
  100. ^ White F. Editorial: 10th anniversary of a not-for-profit online open access journal; Critical reflections on the development of GJMEDPH. GJMEDPH 2021; Vol. 10, issue 6 pp4 https://www.gjmedph.com//Uploads/OO_Editorial%20Anniv%20formatted_JC.pdf
  101. ^ White F, Nanan DJ. International and Global Health. Chapter 76 in: Maxcy-Rosenau-Last. Public Health and Preventive Medicine. 15th edition. 2008 McGraw Hill.
  102. ISBN 978-0-19-975190-7
    .
  103. ISBN 978-92-75-11948-8 https://www.paho.org/ocpc/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&alias=139-pages-from-history-of-carec-1-5&category_slug=history-of-carec&Itemid=490
  104. ^ World Association of Veteran Athletes. Regional Track and Field Championships. Trinidad. August 23–26, 1990. http://www.mastershistory.org/International-Programs/1990-08-Program-Trinadad.pdf
  105. ISBN 976-8054-409
  106. ^ Peck S. Hawaii and back with Polyandra: A dream fulfilled. Flying Fish: Journal of the Ocean Cruising Club. 2007,2,15-24.
  107. ISBN 978-1-5255-7767-3
    (eBook). FriesenPress. Victoria, Canada 2020.

External links
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