Fulani extremism

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Ethnic conflicts involving the

Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Central African Republic, due to conflicts over land and culture.[1][2] The death count for each attack is small, although the cumulative death count is in the thousands.[1]

History

Conflict between farmers and herders

The Fulani are largely nomadic/semi-nomadic and live in the semi-arid climate of West Africa.[3] Due to population growth and desertification, Fulani nomads have to move south towards more fertile lands to graze their herds.[4][5] This created conflicts with the farmers.[3] This resulting violence left a death toll of over 10,000.[4]

These conflicts are being framed as a ethno-religious conflict despite a considerable number of Fulani herdsmen not being Muslim or practicing Muslims. Peaceful Fulani communities have also been attacked and raided by bandits including Fulani militias. Millions of Fulani communities also suffer from stigmatisation and discrimination as they are blamed for the crimes of a few thousand Fulanis.[6][7]

Attacks

Nigeria

Main article: Fulani extremism in Nigeria
See also: Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria

farmer-herder conflict. Majority of the Fulani in Nigeria are Muslim, leading to describe the violence as a religious conflict[8]

These attacks are typically carried out with firearms, although bombs and kidnapping are also used. They mostly target private property followed by government buildings, businesses and religious institutions.[1][9][10]

Mali

Fulani extremism has had much influence in

Muslim
north was already present, the coup weakened the country and allowed terrorism to rise.

Several Fulani extremist groups have risen in Mali. The

Macina Liberation Front (FLM) formed in 2015, and committed 29 attacks with at least 129 casualties.[12] Another group is the National Alliance for the Protection of Fulani Identity and the Restoration of Justice (ANSIPRJ). This group carried out one attack in 2016 that killed 17 and injured 35.[13]

Malian Fulani extremist groups target state facilities rather than private property. A majority of the attacks are done with firearms.[12]

Efforts to reduce this conflict were aided by

peacekeeping troops to Mali. However, the peacekeeping troops became a target.[15]

Central African Republic

As of April 2019, fourteen attacks had occurred in the Central African Republic. The main target was private property. The weapon of choice is a firearm.[1]

Democratic Republic of Congo

As of April 2019, one attack had occurred in the

Democratic Republic of Congo.[1] On March 26, 2016, Fulani extremists attacked a military base in Ngaliema. The attackers injured a soldier but cost them three of their own men.[16]

Cameroon

In February 2020, Fulani extremists carried out the

Cameroonian soldiers during the Anglophone Crisis.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "GTD Search Results". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  2. ^ a b "Cameroon: Civilians Massacred in Separatist Area | Human Rights Watch". www.hrw.org. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  3. ^ a b Baca, Michael W. (2015-07-16). "Farmer-Herder Clashes Amplify Challenge for Beleaguered Nigerian Security". IPI Global Observatory. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  4. ^
    ISSN 0015-7120
    . Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  5. ^ "Land Conflict Has Long Been a Problem in Nigeria. Here's How Climate Change Is Making It Worse". Time. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  6. ^ Salkida, Ahmad (2020-06-13). "Fulani: Villain And Victim Of Militia Attacks?". HumAngle. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  7. ISSN 2041-7136
    .
  8. ^ Matfess, Hilary (2018-10-05). "Fulani Militias in Nigeria: Declining Violence Not a Sign of Lasting Peace". ACLED. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  9. ^ Harvest of Death Three Years Of Bloody Clashes Between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria (PDF). Maitama, Abuja-FCT, Nigeria: Amnesty International. 2018.
  10. ^ Nwangwu, Chikodiri; Enyiazu, Chukwuemeka (2019). "Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria" (PDF). Nomadic Pastorialism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action Against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria | AfriHeritage Working Paper 2019 010.
  11. ^ "Mali coup d'etat leader Amadou Sanogo says President Amadou Toumani Toure, other officials 'safe and sound'". National Post News. 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
  12. ^ a b "GTD Search Results". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  13. ^ "National Alliance for the Protection of Peul Identity and Restoration of Justice (ANSIPRJ)". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
  14. ^ "U.S. to keep supporting French military effort in Mali: Pentagon chief". Reuters. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  15. ^ "Terror attacks on the rise in Mali: UN". France 24. 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  16. ^ "Incident Summary for GTDID: 201603260030". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
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