Garrison Dam
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Garrison Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Missouri River in central North Dakota, U.S. Constructed by the
Location
Garrison Dam is located between Riverdale and Pick City, and named after the town of Garrison, directly north of the dam, across the reservoir. The dam is approximately midway between Bismarck and Minot, about 10 miles (16 km) west of U.S. Highway 83.
History
The dam was part of a
In order to construct the dam, the US government needed to purchase 152,360 acres (616.6 km2) of bottomlands in the
Threatened by confiscation under eminent domain, the tribes protested. A complete block of Garrison Dam power was denied because it would violate the 1935 Rural Electrification Act. The tribes gained remuneration, but lost 94% of their agricultural land[6]: 59–60 in 1947, when they were forced to accept $5,105,625. This amount was increased to $7.5 million in 1949, but it did not fully compensate them for the loss of their important farmlands, homes, towns, and graves. They had cultivated the bottomlands and were able to be largely self-sufficient.[6]: 61
The final settlement legislation denied the tribes' right to use the reservoir shoreline for traditional grazing, hunting, fishing or other purposes, including irrigation development and royalty rights on all subsurface minerals within the reservoir area.[6]: 61 About 1,700 residents were forcibly relocated, some to New Town, North Dakota at the northern end of the reservation.[7]
Thus construction of Garrison Dam almost totally destroyed the traditional way of life for the Three Affiliated Tribes and made them much more dependent on the federal government. In addition, the size the lake, and the lack of bridges to cross it for decades, disrupted traditional relations among the peoples. It created new divisions among the segments on the reservation[6]: p27 Construction on the $300-million dam project began in 1947, and its embankment was enclosed in April 1953. The dam was dedicated by President Eisenhower two months later. The Corps of Engineers completed earthwork in the fall of 1954.[3]
Garrison Dam is one of six Missouri River Main stem dams operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. The dam upstream of Garrison Dam is Fort Peck Dam (near Fort Peck, Montana). The dams downstream of Garrison Dam are: Oahe Dam (near Pierre, South Dakota), Big Bend Dam (near Fort Thompson, South Dakota), Fort Randall Dam (near Pickstown, South Dakota), and Gavins Point Dam (near Yankton, South Dakota). These six mainstem dams impound these Missouri River reservoirs with a total combined water storage capacity of approximately 73,129,000 acre⋅ft (90.203 km3) and approximately 1,111,884 acres (449,963 ha) of water surface area.
In June 2011, in response to the
Energy generation
Fishing
The Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery is the world's largest
See also
- Lake Sakakawea
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
- Riverdale, North Dakota
- Lake Audubon
- List of dams and reservoirs in North Dakota
References
- ^ "Garrison Dam/ Powerplant". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on 24 October 2004. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Summary of Engineering Data – Missouri River Main Stem System" (PDF). Missouri River Division. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
- ^ a b "Facts about Garrison Dam and power plant" (PDF). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. n.d. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ "Garrison Dam and Powerplant". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on October 24, 2004.
- ^ Meyer, Roy W (1977). The Village Indians of the Upper Missouri: The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
- ^ a b c d Lawson, Michael L. (1982). Dammed Indians: the Pick-Sloan Plan and the Missouri River Sioux, 1944–1980. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
- ^ "The History and Culture of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Sahnish". North Dakota Studies curriculum for grades 4 and 8. State of North Dakota. n.d. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- ^ "Missouri River Mainstem Reservoir Bulletin" (pdf). Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 18 June 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Spillway spectacle". Minot Daily News. June 4, 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- ^ 2,250,000 kWh / (365 days x 24 hours/day x 583.3 MW) = 44% capacity factor. 583.3 MW X 44% = 256.65 MW
- ^ "Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery".
External links
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Garrison Project
- North Dakota State Historical Societyl[permanent dead link] - Finding Aid - The Garrison Dam and Lake Sakakawea
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine - Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery
- Historic American Engineering Recorddocumentation, all filed under Riverdale, McLean County, ND:
- HAER No. ND-15, "Garrison Dam", 7 photos, 1 photo caption page
- HAER No. ND-15-A, "Garrison Dam, Powerhouse", 18 photos, 2 measured drawings, 15 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
- HAER No. ND-15-B, "Garrison Dam, Penstocks and Surge Tanks", 9 photos, 1 color transparency, 6 measured drawings, 8 data pages, 1 photo caption page
- HAER No. ND-15-C, "Garrison Dam, Switchyard", 5 photos, 1 measured drawing, 7 data pages, 1 photo caption page
- HAER No. ND-15-D, "Garrison Dam, Intake House", 3 photos, 1 measured drawing, 10 data pages, 1 photo caption page
- HAER No. ND-15-E, "Garrison Dam, Spillway", 5 photos, 1 measured drawing, 8 data pages, 1 photo caption page
- HAER No. ND-15-F, "Garrison Dam, Project Administration Building", 13 photos, 1 measured drawing, 11 data pages, 2 photo caption pages