Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
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Education and Labor, Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Health, and Ways and Means on May 21, 2008 |
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (
In 2008, on April 24 H.R. 493 passed the Senate 95-0. The bill was then sent back to the House of Representatives and passed 414-1 on May 1; the lone dissenter was Congressman Ron Paul.[5] President George W. Bush signed the bill into law on May 21, 2008.[6][7]
Legislative history
Preliminary bills
In the
- The Genetic Privacy and Nondiscrimination Act of 1996, S. 1416: Sen. Clifford Stearns
- The Genetic Fairness Act of 1996, S. 1600: Sen. Dianne Feinstein
- The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination in Health Insurance Act of 1995, H.R. 2748: Rep. Louise Slaughter and S. 1694: Sen. Olympia Snowe
- Genetic Confidentiality and Nondiscrimination Act of 1996, S. 1898: Sen. Pete Domenici
In 1997, the Coalition for Genetic Fairness (CGF) was formed by several patient and civil rights groups to spearhead genetic nondiscrimination legislation on Capitol Hill. The CGF became the primary non-governmental driver of Federal genetic non-discrimination legislation.
In 2003, GINA was introduced as H.R. 1910, by Louise Slaughter, D-NY, and as S. 1053 by Senator Snowe, R-ME.
In 2005, it was proposed as H.R. 1227 by Representative Biggert, R-IL, and as S. 306 by Senator Snowe, R-ME.
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2007 was introduced into the
. It passed the House by a 420 - 9 - 3 vote on April 25, 2007.Final legislation
The same bill was introduced into the
The bill was then sent back to the House of Representatives and passed 414–16–1 on May 1, 2008 (the lone dissenter was Congressman Ron Paul). President George W. Bush signed the bill into law on May 21, 2008.[6] The text of the final approved version of GINA is here.
Regulation
On May 17, 2016, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) amended various GINA regulations providing further clarification on acceptable workplace wellness programs.[14] The new guidelines are effective on July 16, 2016.[15] The new amendments require that (1) employee wellness programs are voluntary; (2) employers cannot deny health care coverage for non participation, or (3) take adverse employment actions against or coerce employees who do not participate in wellness programs. Additionally, the new GINA regulations cover spousal participation in wellness programs and employers may not ask employees or covered dependents to agree to permit the sale of their genetic information in exchange for participation in wellness plans.[16]
Debate during consideration
Arguments for
Along with an overview of the topic, the
The Coalition for Genetic Fairness[18] presents some arguments for genetic nondiscrimination. As of 2007, their argument makes the claim that because all humans have genetic anomalies, this would prevent them from accessing medication and health insurance. The coalition also cites the potential for misuse of genetic information.
The GINA legislation has historically received support from the majority of both Democrats and Republicans, as evidenced by the 420-3 vote in 2007 by the House of Representatives.
Arguments against
The National Association of Manufacturers, the National Retail Federation, the Society for Human Resource Management, the United States Chamber of Commerce, and other members of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination in Employment Coalition (GINE) say the proposed legislation is overly broad and are concerned the bills would do little to rectify inconsistent state laws and hence might increase frivolous litigation and/or punitive damages as a result of ambiguous record-keeping and other technical requirements. In addition, they are concerned that it would force employers to offer health plan coverage of all treatments for genetically-related conditions.[19]
Insurance industry representatives argued that they may need genetic information. Without it, more high-risk people would buy insurance, causing rate unfairness.[20]
Limitations and calls for extension
While GINA has been cited as a strong step forward, some say that the legislation does not go far enough in enabling personal control over genetic testing results.[21] The law does not cover life, disability, or long-term care insurance, which may cause some reluctance to get tested.[20][22]
Some legal scholars have called for the addition of a "disparate impact" theory of action to strengthen GINA as a law.[23]
2017 proposal to reduce protection
On 8 March 2017 during the
See also
- Employment Non-Discrimination Act
- Genetic discrimination
- Genealogical DNA test
- Gattaca
- Genetic privacy
References
- ^ Statement of Administration policy, Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, April 27, 2007
- ^ "Kennedy in support of genetic information nondiscrimination bill". April 24, 2008. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ^ See Act sec. 101.
- ^ See Act sec. 103.
- ^ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 234". Clerk of the House of Representatives. May 1, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
- ^ a b Keim, Brandon (May 21, 2008). "Genetic Discrimination by Insurers, Employers Becomes a Crime". Wired.com. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ^ National Human Genome Research Institute (May 21, 2008). "President Bush Signs the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008". Retrieved February 17, 2014.
- S2CID 37515887.)
"Genetic Nondiscrimination Federal Legislation Archive".{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help - ^ Gene act, Wired magazine
- ^ Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2007, National Human Genome Research Institute, Update as of May 2, 2007
- ^ S. 358, (accessed July 28, 2007)
- ^ US to outlaw corporate prejudice based on genes, 10:00 06 May 2007, New Scientist Print Edition.
- ^ buffalonews.com
- ^ Suver, Jami K. (June 7, 2016). "EEOC Issues ADA And GINA Rules Applicable To Employer Wellness Programs". The National Law Review. Steptoe & Johnson PLLC. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
- ^ "EEOC Issues Final Rules on Employer Wellness Programs". U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
- ISSN 2161-3362. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
- ^ GINA — A big step toward personalized medicine Archived September 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, by David Resnick, Mass Tech High, August 22, 2008.
- ^ Coalition for Genetic Fairness
- ^ businessinsurance.com
geneforum.org Archived May 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine - ^ NYT. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
- ^ Genetic Protections Skimp on Privacy, Says Gene Tester, Wired Science, May 23, 2008
- ^ Rob Stein (September 16, 2012). "Scientists See Upside And Downside Of Sequencing Their Own Genes". NPR.
- )
- ^ a b "H.R.1313 - Preserving Employee Wellness Programs Act". Congress.gov. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
- ^ Sharon Begley (March 10, 2017). "The House GOP is pushing a bill that would let employers demand workers' genetic test results". Stat. Retrieved March 12, 2017 – via Business Insider.
- Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
- Eurekalert!. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
External links
- Full text of GINA in its final form from GovTrack
- Genetic Discrimination | National Human Genome Research Institute (NIH)
- Timeline of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)
- Coalition for Genetic Fairness
- S. 358, Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2007
- S. 976, Genomics and Personalized Medicine Act of 2007
- Your GINA resource
- Genetic Alliance
- Genetic Discrimination Saves Lives - Editorial arguing against the bill.