Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration
| ||
---|---|---|
46th Governor of Texas
43rd President of the United States
Policies
Appointments
First term
Second term
Presidential campaigns Post-presidency
|
||
The domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration was the domestic policy of the United States from 2001 to 2009 while
Some of George W. Bush's biggest domestic policy achievements include winning passage for two major tax cuts during his term in office: the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Collectively, they became known, analyzed, and debated as the "Bush tax cuts".
Law enforcement and justice
Surveillance and homeland security
On October 26, 2001, Bush signed into law the
Shortly after the
Capital punishment
George W. Bush is a strong supporter of
Amber Alert
Bush signed the
Prison rape
The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA) is the first United States federal law passed dealing with the sexual assault of prisoners. The bill was signed into law by President Bush on September 4, 2003. As a result, the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission was created to study the problem and recommend solutions. Federal funding for prisons also began to require detainment facilities to keep records on sexual assault. Failure to follow PREA requirements resulted in losing up to 5% of funding. New grants to prevent sexual assault were also created by the law. Significant support for the act came from Human Rights Watch, Concerned Women for America, Just Detention International, and numerous evangelical organizations.
Science
On December 19, 2002, Bush signed into law H. R. 4664, far-reaching legislation to put the
Stem cell research
On July 19, 2006, Bush vetoed a bill on stem cell research.[14][15][16][17]
On June 20, 2007, Bush vetoed a stem cell bill again.[18][19]
Space exploration
On January 14, 2004, Bush announced a
Supporters believe that this plan will be an important part of what Bush set in place while in office. However, the policy has been criticized on two fronts. Firstly, critics have opined that the United States should deal with solving domestic issues before concentrating on space exploration. Secondly, of the funding over the next five years that Bush has proposed, only US$1 billion will be in new appropriations while the remaining US$11 billion will be reallocated from NASA's other programs, and therefore inadequate to fully realize this vision. Most of the spending for the new program, and most of the budget cuts for existing programs, are scheduled after the last year of the Bush presidency. It is unclear how the space vision will be reconciled with budgetary concerns in the longer term.
In January 2005, the White House released a new Space Transportation Policy fact sheet[24] which outlined the administration's space policy in broad terms and tied the development of space transport capabilities to national security requirements.
Environment
In December 2003, Bush signed legislation implementing key provisions of his
Bush signed the Great Lakes Legacy Act of 2002 authorizing the federal government to begin cleaning up pollution and contaminated sediment in the Great Lakes, as well as the Brownfields Legislation in 2002, accelerating the cleanup of abandoned industrial sites, or brownfields, to better protect public health, create jobs, and revitalize communities.
Bush stated his reason for not supporting the
Bush also questioned the science behind the
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina struck early in Bush's second term and was one of the most damaging natural disasters in U.S. history. Katrina formed in late August during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and devastated much of the north-central Gulf Coast of the United States, particularly New Orleans.[26]
Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27[27] and in Mississippi and Alabama the following day.[28] He authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his announcement failed to spur these agencies to action.[29] The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to levee breaches; later that day, Bush declared a major disaster in Louisiana,[30] officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal funds to assist in the recovery effort.
On August 30, DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff declared it "an incident of national significance",[31] triggering the first use of the newly created National Response Plan. Three days later, on September 2, National Guard troops first entered the city of New Orleans.[32] The same day, Bush toured parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and declared that the success of the recovery effort up to that point was "not enough".[33]
As the disaster in New Orleans intensified, critics charged that Bush was misrepresenting his administration's role in what they saw as a flawed response. Leaders attacked Bush for having appointed apparently incompetent leaders to positions of power at FEMA, notably Michael D. Brown;[34] it was also argued that the federal response was limited as a result of the Iraq War[35] and Bush himself did not act upon warnings of floods.[36][37] Bush responded to mounting criticism by accepting full responsibility for the federal government's failures in its handling of the emergency.[32] It has been argued that with Katrina, Bush passed a political tipping point from which he would not recover.[38]
Global warming
Upon arriving in office in 2001, President Bush withdrew United States support of the then-pending
In 2002, the Bush Administration's EPA issued a Climate Action Report concluding that the climate changes observed over several decades "are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability".[41] While the EPA report was initially hailed by some environmentalists critical of the Bush administration as a "180-degree turn on the science" reversing "everything the president has said about global warming since he took office," within days President Bush dismissed the report as being "put out by the bureaucracy," and reaffirmed his opposition to the Kyoto Protocol.[41]
The Bush Administration's stance on global warming, and in particular its questioning the consensus of scientists, would remain controversial in the scientific and environmental communities during his presidency. In 2004, the Director of
In 2005,
In addition, the administration thanked
President Bush believes that global warming is real[50] and has said that he has consistently noted that global warming is a serious problem but asserted there is a "debate over whether it's manmade or naturally caused" and maintained that regardless of that debate his administration was working on plans to make America less dependent on foreign oil "for economic and national security reasons."[51]
The United States has signed the
Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
For economic and national security reasons, Bush supported Alaska Senator Ted Stevens' plan to tap the oil reserves in a 2,000-acre (8 km2) area of Alaska's 19 million acre (77,000 km2) Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Pro-exploration supporters argue that U.S. companies have the most stringent environmental requirements, and that by doing the drilling in the middle of the winter, it would create a very small environmental footprint.[53]
Opponents stated that drilling would damage the coastal plain's fragile ecosystem and its wildlife. Proponents stated that modern techniques can extract the oil without damaging the environment[54]
The Clear Skies Act of 2003
Initially announced by President Bush in 2002,
Among other things, the Clear Skies Act states that it would:[56][57][58]
- Cut mercury emissions by 69 percent, – the first-ever national cap on mercury emissions. Emissions will be cut from current emissions of 48 tons to a cap of 26 tons in 2010, and 15 tons in 2018.
- Cut emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) by 67 percent, from emissions of 5 million tons to a cap of 2.1 million tons in 2008, and to 1.7 million tons in 2018
- Cut sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 73 percent, from emissions of 11 million tons to a cap of 4.5 million tons in 2010, and 3 million tons in 2018.
- Emission caps will be set to account for different air quality needs in the East and the West.
- Section 483 of the Bill exempt some older building from many of the provisions of the Bill, but must still meet carbon monoxide standards.
The Natural Resources Defense Council, and its more than 500,000 members, examined the administration proposal and concluded it would harm public health, weaken current pollution fighting programs and worsen global warming. S. 385, the administration's bill to amend the Clean Air Act would: 1. Allow power plant pollution to continue to inflict huge, avoidable health damages on the public. 2. Repeal or interfere with major health and air quality safeguards in current law. 3. Worsen global warming by ignoring CO2 emissions from the power sector.[59]
Energy
In 2005–2006, Bush emphasized the need for comprehensive energy reform and proposed increased funding for research and development of renewable sources of energy such as
In his 2006 State of the Union Address, Bush declared, "America is addicted to oil" and announced his Advanced Energy Initiative to increase energy development research.[60]
In his 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush renewed his pledge to work toward diminished reliance on foreign oil by reducing fossil fuel consumption and increasing alternative fuel production.[61] Amid high gasoline prices in 2008, Bush lifted a ban on offshore drilling.[62] However, the move was largely symbolic because there was still a federal law banning offshore drilling. Bush said, "This means that the only thing standing between the American people and these vast oil reserves is action from the U.S. Congress."[62] Bush had said in June 2008, "In the long run, the solution is to reduce demand for oil by promoting alternative energy technologies. My administration has worked with Congress to invest in gas-saving technologies like advanced batteries and hydrogen fuel cells ... In the short run, the American economy will continue to rely largely on oil. And that means we need to increase supply, especially here at home. So my administration has repeatedly called on Congress to expand domestic oil production."[63]
In his 2008 State of the Union Address, Bush announced that the U.S. would commit $2 billion over the next three years to a new international fund to promote clean energy technologies and fight climate change, saying, "Along with contributions from other countries, this fund will increase and accelerate the deployment of all forms of cleaner, more efficient technologies in developing nations like India and China, and help leverage substantial private-sector capital by making clean energy projects more financially attractive." He also announced plans to reaffirm the United States' commitment to work with major economies, and, through the UN, to complete an international agreement that will slow, stop, and eventually reverse the growth of greenhouse gases; he stated, "This agreement will be effective only if it includes commitments by every major economy and gives none a free ride."[64]
National preserves
On June 15, 2006, Bush created the seventy-fifth, and largest,
Economy
According to the
Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, sizable
While the GDP recovered from a recession that some claim Bush inherited from the previous administration,[68] poverty has since worsened according to the Census Bureau. The percentage of the population below the poverty level increased in each of Bush's first four years, while it decreased for each of the prior seven years to an 11-year low. Although the poverty level increased the increase was still lower from 2000 to 2002 than it was from 1992 to 1997, which reached a peak of 39.3% in 1993. In 2002 the poverty rate was 34.6% which was almost equal to the rate in 1998, which was 34.5%. Poverty was at 12.7% in 2004.[citation needed]
Taxes
President Bush won passage for two major tax cuts during his term in office: The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Collectively, they became known, analyzed, and debated as the "Bush tax cuts".
The cuts, scheduled to expire a decade after passage, increased the standard
Bush's supporters claim that the tax cuts increase the pace of economic recovery and job creation. They also claim that total benefits to wealthier individuals are a reflection of higher taxes paid. Individual income tax rate provisions in the 2001 law, for instance, created larger marginal tax rate decreases for people earning less than US$12,000 than any other earners.[69]
His opponents contest job prediction claims, primarily noting that the increase in job creation predicted by Bush's plan failed to materialize. They instead allege that the purpose of the tax cuts was intended to favor the wealthy and special interests, as the majority of benefit from the tax cut, in absolute terms, went to earners in the higher tax brackets. Bush's opponents additionally claim that the tax cuts are a major reason Bush reversed a national
In an open letter to Bush in 2004, more than 100 professors of business and economics at U.S. business schools ascribed this "fiscal reversal" to Bush's "policy of slashing taxes – primarily for those at the upper reaches of the income distribution."[70]
By 2004, these cuts had reduced federal tax revenues, as a percentage of the
Spending
President Bush expanded public spending by 70 percent, more than double the increase under President Clinton. Bush was the first president in 176 years to continue an entire term without vetoing any legislation.[76]
The tax cuts, recession, and increases in outlays all contributed to record
According to the "baseline" forecast of federal revenue and spending by the
Federal spending in constant dollars increased under Bush by 26% in his first four and a half years. Non-defense spending increased 18% in that time.
Former President Clinton's last budget featured an increase of 16% on domestic non security discretionary spending. Growth under President Bush was cut to 6.2% in his first budget, 5.5% in his second, 4.3% in his third, and 2.2% in his fourth.
Trade
President Bush signed a large number of free trade agreements into law during his presidency: Jordan (2001), Singapore and Chile (2004), Australia (2005), Dominican Republic, CAFTA, Morocco, Oman, and Bahrain (2006), and Oman and Peru (2009).
The Bush administration also launched trade negotiations with New Zealand, Thailand, Kuwait, Malaysia, Qatar, South Korea, Colombia, and Panama, with some being completed during President Obama's first term in office (2009–2013).
However, Bush resorted to protectionist policies on occasion.
Regulation
Some say economic regulation expanded rapidly during the Bush administration. President Bush is described by these observers as the biggest regulator since President Richard Nixon.[81] Bush administration increased the number of new pages in the Federal Registry, a proxy for economic regulation, from 64,438 new pages in 2001 to 78,090 in new pages in 2007, a record amount of regulation.[81] Economically significant regulations, defined as regulations which cost more than $100 million a year, increased by 70%.[81]
Spending on regulation increased by 62% from $26.4 billion to $42.7 billion.[81]
The 2008 financial crisis occurred near the end of the Bush second term and has been regarded by some as an enormous failure of financial deregulation.[82]
Employment
Looking at the annual average unemployment rates for each of the eight years of Bush's presidency, the average of all eight figures, and thus of his entire presidency, is 5.26%, with a low of 4.6% for the years of 2006 and 2007, and a high of 6.0% for 2003.[83]
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of unemployed was nearly 6.0 million in January 2001 and 6.9 million in September 2006. The unemployment rate was 4.2% in January 2001, 4.6% in September 2006, and 7.2% in December 2008. Employment peaked in late 1999 and declined through 2008.[84]
The Current Population Survey (aka Household Survey) measures the percentage of the population that is employed and unemployed. The result can be multiplied by population estimates to get total employment estimates. This survey has the advantage over the payroll survey in that it includes self-employed. The Household Survey is less accurate in producing total numbers since it requires population estimates and in that it samples many fewer people (60,000 households versus 400,000 business establishments). For better or worse, the Household Survey counts multiple jobs held by one person only once, and it includes government workers, farm workers, unpaid family workers, and workers absent without pay. The Household Survey indicates that the percentage of the population employed decreased from 64.4% in December 2000 and January 2001 to 62.1% in August and September 2003. By August 2005, it had recovered only to 62.9%. In absolute numbers, this corresponds to a drop of 1.6 million jobs but an eventual net gain of 4.7 million jobs during the Bush administration.[85] Private sector employment, as measured by private nonfarm payrolls, shrank over the 8 years of the George W. Bush presidency. There were modest gains in private-sector payroll employment during his first term, but these were more than offset by the shedding of workers by the private sector in his second term. There were 463,000 fewer private-sector payroll jobs when he left office than when he came into office.[86]
Economic Report
In 2004, a full chapter on Iraq's economy was excised from the
Education
No Child Left Behind
In January 2002, Bush signed the
In January 2005, Williams did not disclose the payments.
The
Diversity and civil rights
Faith-based initiatives
In early-2001,
LGBT issues
As Governor of Texas, Bush had opposed efforts to repeal the criminal prohibition on "homosexual conduct", the same law that the United States Supreme Court overturned in 2003,
In his first four years of office, his views on gay rights were often difficult to ascertain, but many experts feel that the Bush White House wanted to avoid bad publicity without alienating evangelical conservative Christian voters. Thus, he did not repeal President Clinton's Executive Order banning discrimination based on sexual orientation in the federal civilian government, but its critics felt it was ignored.
While President Bush had always been on record as opposing the
Bush still expressed support for the Federal Marriage Amendment in his February 2, 2005 State of the Union address and during the 2006 midterm election, but given that it did not even receive majority support in the Senate, has ignored this issue in his most recent public statements and speeches.
Bush was the first Republican president to appoint an openly
Minorities, civil rights and affirmative action
Bush endorsed civil rights and appointed blacks, women and gays to high positions. The premier cabinet position, Secretary of State, went to Colin Powell (2001–2005), the first Black at that high a level. He was followed by Condoleezza Rice (2005–2009), the first Black woman. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales (2005–2007) was and remains in 2024 the highest appointed Hispanic in the history of American government. In addition Bush appointed the first senior officials who were publicly gay. However he campaigned against quotas, and warned that affirmative action that involved quotas were unacceptable. He deliberately selected minorities known as opponents of affirmative action for key civil rights positions. Thus in 2001 Bush nominated Linda Chavez to be the first Latina in the cabinet as Secretary of Labor. She had to withdraw when it was reported that a decade earlier she had hired an illegal immigrant.[96][97][98][99]
According to a CNN exit poll, Bush's support from
Although Bush expressed appreciation for the Supreme Court's ruling upholding the selection of college applicants for purposes of diversity, his administration filed briefs against it. Bush has said he opposes government sanctioned and enforced quotas and racial preferences, but that the private and public sector should be encouraged to reach out to accomplished minorities to increase employment diversity.
In August 2005, a report by the United States Commission on Civil Rights states that "the government fails to seriously consider race-neutral alternatives as the Constitution requires."[101] Chairman Gerald A. Reynolds explained, "Federal agencies do not independently evaluate, conduct research, collect data, or periodically review programs to determine whether race-neutral strategies will provide an adequate alternative to race-conscious programs." Civil rights groups expressed concern that the report was an attack on affirmative action inconsistent with Grutter v. Bollinger.
Genetic non-discrimination
President George W. Bush signed into law the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA).[102][103] The bill protects Americans against discrimination based on their genetic information when it comes to health insurance and employment. The issue had been debated for 13 years before becoming law. It is designed to protect citizens while not hindering genetic research.
Voting rights
Bush signed into law the
Health
Health care
In July 2002, Bush cut off U.S. funding to the
Bush sought to expand Medicare so it would also cover the cost of prescription drugs, a program that became known as Medicare Part D. Many congressional Democrats opposed the bill because it did not allow Medicare to negotiate the prices of drugs, while many conservative Republicans opposed the expansion of the government's involvement in healthcare. Assisted by Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert and Senate majority leader Bill Frist, Bush overcame strong opposition and won passage of his Medicare bill.[105] In December 2003, Bush signed the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, the largest expansion of Medicare since the program's creation in 1965.[106]
Bush signed the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003, having declared his aim to "promote a culture of life".[107]
In 2007, Bush vetoed the expansion of the Children's Health Insurance Program stating his concern that the bill would "federalize health care".[108][109][110] His veto was criticized as the bill as insensitive to children's needs.[111] The House of Representatives failed to override Bush's veto on October 18.[112][113] On December 12, 2007, Bush vetoed a similar bill regarding children's healthcare.[114][115]
Abortion
On his first day in office, President Bush implemented the
Euthanasia
Bush staunchly opposes
Workplace safety
On March 20, 2001, Bush signed a repeal of workplace safety regulations that were intended to prevent injuries of employees across America.[126][127]
Social Security
After winning re-election in 2004, Bush made the partial privatization of Social Security his top domestic priority.[128] He proposed restructuring the program so that citizens could invest some of the money they paid in payroll taxes, which fund the Social Security program.[129] The president argued that Social Security faced an imminent funding crisis and that reform was necessary to ensure its continuing solvency.[130] Bush expected a difficult congressional battle over his proposal, but, as he put it, "I've got political capital, and I intend to spend it."[131] Groups like the AARP strongly opposed the plan, as did moderate Democrats like Max Baucus, who had supported the Bush tax cuts. Ultimately, Bush failed to win the backing of a single congressional Democrat for his plan, and even moderate Republicans like Olympia Snowe and Lincoln Chafee refused to back privatization. In the face of unified opposition, Republicans abandoned Bush's Social Security proposal in mid-2005.[132]
Bush called for major reforms in
Most Democrats and some Republicans are critical of such ideas, partly because of the large (US$1 trillion or more) federal borrowing the plan would require, which might actually worsen the imbalance between
References
- ^ a b c Mann (2015), pp. 63–65
- ^ Diamond, Jeremy (May 23, 2015). "Everything you need to know about the Patriot Act debate". CNN. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
- ^ Draper (2007), p. 157
- ^ Glass, Andrew (November 26, 2018). "Bush creates Homeland Security Department, Nov. 26, 2002". Politico. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
- ^ Prejean, Sister Helen (29 March 2018). "Death in Texas". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 29 March 2018 – via www.nybooks.com.
- ^ "Bush signs child protection bill". CNN Inside Politics. 2003-05-01. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
- ^ Lee, Davidson (2006-07-28). "Bush signs, Hatch praises new Child Protection Act". DeseretNews. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
- ^ "Public Policy Report for 12/20/2002". Archived from the original on September 28, 2006.
- ^ "AAAS R&D Funding Update on R&D in the Final FY 2005 National Science Foundation Budget – December 2". Archived from the original on December 6, 2006.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-02. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Reports: Scientific Integrity in Policy Making". Archived from the original on November 30, 2006.
- ^ "President Discusses Stem Cell Research". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "House passes embryonic stem cell bill". CNN. 2005-05-25. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "In First Veto, Bush Blocks Stem Cell Bill".
- ^ "Stem Cell Bill Gets Bush's First Veto".
- ^ "Bush Vetoes Bill to Expand Stem Cell Research".
- ^ "Bush vetoes stem cell bill; House can't override".
- ^ "Bush Again Vetoes Bill on Stem Cell Research".
- ^ "Bush vetoes embryonic stem cell funding".
- ^ "President Bush Delivers Remarks On U.S. Space Policy" Archived 2022-06-22 at the Wayback Machine January 14, 2004. Release from NASA Facts.
- ^ "Bush unveils vision for moon and beyond". CNN. 2004-01-14. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "Strategy Based on Long-Term Affordability" Archived 2022-01-12 at the Wayback Machine – A January 14, 2006 graph showing a plan for NASA's long-term budget.
- ^ "MercuryNews.com | 05/02/2004 | Bush's space vision grounded in Capitol". www.mercurynews.com. Archived from the original on 2004-06-02.
- ^ "Office of Science and Technology Policy" (PDF). Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "President Bush Discusses Global Climate Change". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R.; Brown, Daniel P (December 20, 2005). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: August 23–30, 2005". National Hurricane Center.
- ^ "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Louisiana". The White House. August 27, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013.
- ^ "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Mississippi". The White House. August 28, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013.; "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Alabama". The White House. August 28, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-465-01761-4.
- ^ "Statement on Federal Disaster Assistance for Louisiana". The White House. August 29, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013.
- ^ "Press Gaggle with Scott McClellan". The White House. August 31, 2005. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ a b "TPM Hurricane Katrina Timeline". Talking Points Memo. September 20, 2005. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ "National Guard descends on New Orleans, giving evacuees hope". USA Today. Associated Press. September 3, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ Hsu, Spencer S.; Susan B. Glasser (September 6, 2005). "FEMA Director Singled Out by Response Critics". The Washington Post.
- S2CID 153747265.
- ^ "Transcript, Presidential Videoconference Briefing" (PDF). USA Today. August 28, 2005. pp. 5–6. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ "I don't think anybody anticipated the breach of the levees." George W. Bush to Diane Sawyer, Good Morning America, September 1, 2005.
- ^ "Katrina called Bush's biggest blunder". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. May 31, 2012. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012.
- ^ Corn, David (2001-06-19). "George W. Bush: The Un-science Guy". AlterNet. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2006-11-05.
- ^ "Status of Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Bush Disses Global Warming Report". CBS News. 2002-06-04. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "NASA Scientist Rips Bush on Global Warming". NBC News. 2004-10-27. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "60 Minutes: Rewriting the Science". CBS News. 2006-03-19. Archived from the original on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- Joseph Romm's 2006 book Hell and High Water. (Publisher description here) Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback MachineRomm calls Bush's "don't rush to judgment" and "we need to ask more questions" stance a classic delay tactic. Part 2.
- ^ "Bush aide 'edited climate papers'". BBC News. 2005-06-09. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ Revkin, Andrew (June 10, 2005). "Editor of Climate Report Resigns". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
- ^ Lusetich, Robert (March 21, 2007). "Climate science was doctored". The Australian. Archived from the original on 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2012-06-09.
- ^ "House Probe Turns to Role of Cheney's Office". March 20, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
- ^ "Revealed: how oil giant influenced Bush". The Guardian. London. 2005-06-08. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "Interview with President Bush". White House Transcript. 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-05-14 – via Politico.
Q. Mr. President, for the record, is global warming real? A. Yes, it is real, sure is.
- ^ "Press Conference". White House. 2006-06-26. Archived from the original on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ Harrabin, Roger; Hounslow, Steve (2005-11-03). "'Gas muzzlers' challenge Bush". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "Senate votes to open arctic refuge to oil drilling". NBC News. 17 March 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Senate rejects drilling in Alaska wildlife refuge". NBC News. 22 December 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Executive Summary – The Clear Skies Initiative". White House. 2002-02-14. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ "The Clear Skies Initiative". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ Radiation, US EPA, Office of Air and. "EPA: Clear Skies". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-10. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ US Senate Committee Hearing, April 8, 2003, "Testimony of the Natural Resources Defense Council" by David G. Hawkins, [1]
- ^ "President George W. Bush's address before a joint session of the Congress on the State of the Union". C-SPAN. January 31, 2006. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
- ^ "President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address". The White House. January 23, 2007. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ a b "Bush lifts executive ban on offshore oil drilling". CNN. July 14, 2008. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
- ^ "President Bush Discusses Energy". The White House. June 18, 2008. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
- ^ American Rhetoric (January 28, 2008). "George W. Bush: 2008 State of the Union Address". Archived from the original on May 2, 2013.
- ^ White House Office of the Press Secretary (2006-06-15). "President Bush Establishes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument". Retrieved 2006-09-09.
- ^ "Gross Domestic Product". Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
- ^ "Productivity and Costs Archived News Releases : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Did Bush 'inherit' a recession?". NBC News. 6 June 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Tax Policy Center | Tax Facts". Archived from the original on 2005-12-20. Retrieved 2005-08-12.
- ^ "1,325 Kids in Nevada County Risk Summer Hunger". Yubanet. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ Analysis, US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic. "Bureau of Economic Analysis". www.bea.gov. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Front page – U.S. Department of the Treasury". www.treasury.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ Wallace, Kelly (2000-09-27). "President Clinton announces another record budget surplus". CNN. Archived from the original on 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "Federal Deficit Hits Record $374B". CBS News. 2003-08-26.
- ^ "Government says 2004 deficit was record $413 billion". USA Today. 2004-10-15. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "Where Did Bush Go Wrong? – A depressing look back on eight years of arrogance, power lust, and incompetence". Reason magazine. January 15, 2009.
- ^ Analysis, US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic. "Bureau of Economic Analysis". www.bea.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Congressional Budget Office". Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ Analysis, US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic. "Bureau of Economic Analysis". www.bea.gov. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Washington, Wayne (2003-12-05). "Bush lifts steel import tariffs". The Boston Globe.
- ^ a b c d "Bush's Regulatory Kiss-Off – Obama's assertions to the contrary, the 43rd president was the biggest regulator since Nixon". Reason magazine. January 2009.
- ^ Landler, Mark; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (20 September 2008). "Bush can share the blame for financial crisis". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Where can I find the unemployment rate for previous years?". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Employment Situation Archived News Releases : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Public and Private Sector Payroll Jobs: Carter, Reagan, Bush, Clinton, Bush, Obama". www.calculatedriskblog.com. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ Leonard, Mary; Vaishnav, Anand (2004-03-16). "Bush relaxes rules on teacher standards". The Boston Globe.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (2004-02-19). "More States Are Fighting 'No Child Left Behind' Law". The Washington Post. p. A03. Retrieved 2006-10-19.
- ^ Toppo, Greg (2005-01-07). "Education Dept. paid commentator to promote law". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ "Faith-Based and Community Initiatives". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ Buckley, Thomas E. (2002-11-11). "Church, State and the Faith-Based Initiative". America, The National Catholic Weekly. Archived from the original on 2006-05-29. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
- PBS. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
- ^ "National Lesbian and Gay Task Force". Archived from the original on June 11, 2005.
- ^ Lee, Christopher (2005-05-25). "Official Says Law Doesn't Cover Gays". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ Heredia, Christopher (2001-04-10). "NEWSMAKER PROFILE / Scott Evertz / New AIDS Czar Called a Skillful Bridge Builder / Evertz the first gay man to hold position". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011.
- ^ Melvin I. Urofsky, The Affirmative Action Puzzle: A Living History from Reconstruction to Today (2020) pp. 412-417.
- ^ Linda Chavez, An Unlikely Conservative: The Transformation of an Ex-Liberal (Or How I Became the Most Hated Hispanic in America) (Basic Books. 2002) pp. 10–22.
- ^ Goodwin Liu, "The Bush Administration and Civil Rights: Lessons Learned." Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy 4 (2009): 77–105.
- ^ Gary Gerstle, Minorities, Multiculturalism and the Presidency of George W. Bush," in Julian E. Zelizer, ed., The Presidency of George W. Bush (2010) pp 252-281.
- ^ a b "CNN.com Election 2004". CNN. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ Federal Procurement After Adarand (PDF). U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (Report). September 2005. p. iii. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008". National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Public Law 110–233" (PDF). ornl.gov. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
- ^ "US to axe family planning funds". BBC News. 2002-07-22. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ Smith (2016), pp. 390–391
- ^ Mann (2015), pp. 88–89
- ^ "S.3 – Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003". www.congress.gov. 5 November 2003. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^ "Bush Vetoes Children's Health Bill".
- ^ "Bush Vetoes Health Measure". The Washington Post. 2007-10-03. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
- ^ "Bush vetoes child health insurance plan".
- ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the originalon 12 March 2016. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
- ^ "House Fails to Override Child Health Bill Veto".
- ^ "House fails to override Bush child health veto".
- ^ "President Vetoes Second Measure to Expand Children's Health Program".
- ^ "Bush vetoes second children's health plan".
- The White House. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
- ^ "Mexico City Policy – Voluntary Population Planning | The White House". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "President Signs Born-Alive Infants Protection Act". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ Mosher, Steve (2002-08-19). "Bush stops funds for UNFPA abuses; the U.N. population fund supports forced abortions and sterilizations". Insight on the News.
- ^ "Partial-birth abortion ban to end 'terrible form of violence' against children, Bush declares". Baptist Press. Archived from the original on June 30, 2010.
- Bloomberg.com. Archived from the originalon 18 January 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ Randall, Kate (9 April 2004). "Bush signs "Unborn Victims of Violence Act": legislation targets abortion rights". Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ Johnson, Kevin (2002-04-18). "Federal judge backs Oregon suicide law". USA Today. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
- ^ Knight Ridder; Newsday (2005-03-22). "As governor, Bush signed right-to-die law". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2006-02-28. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
- ^ Babington, Charles; Allen, Mike (2005-03-21). "Congress Passes Schiavo Measure". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
- ^ "Bush Signs Repeal of Ergonomics Rules".
- ^ "Bush Cites Cost in Repealing Clinton's Ergonomic Rules".
- ^ Draper (2007), pp. 295–296
- ^ Smith (2016), pp. 425–426
- ^ a b Prokop, Andrew (9 January 2017). "In 2005, Republicans controlled Washington. Their agenda failed. Here's why". Vox. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
- ^ Draper (2007), pp. 294–295
- ^ Draper (2007), pp. 293, 300–304
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-307-59061-9.
- ISBN 0-06-074687-4.