Geographic information retrieval

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Geographic information retrieval (GIR) or geographical information retrieval systems are

geoparsing tools often need databases of location names, known as gazetteers.[4][5][6][7]

GIR architecture

GIR involves extracting and resolving the meaning of locations in unstructured text. This is known as

geoparsing
, text and geographic indexing, data storage, geographic relevance ranking with respect to a geographic query and browsing results commonly with a map interface.

Some GIR systems separate text indexing from geographic indexing, which enables the use of generic

database joins,[8] or multi-stage filtering,[9] and others combine them for efficiency.[10]

GIR must manage several forms of uncertainty, including semantic ambiguity of mentions of places in natural language text and position precision.[11]

GIR systems

Study & Evaluation

The study of GIR systems has a rich history dating back to the 1970s and possibly earlier. See Ray Larson’s book Geographic information retrieval and spatial browsing[20] for references to much of the pre-Web literature on GIR.

In 2005 the

Cross-Language Evaluation Forum added a geographic track, GeoCLEF. GeoCLEF was the first TREC-style evaluation forum for GIR systems and provided participants a chance to compare systems.[21]

Applications

GIR has many applications in

ESRI Users Conferences and O'Reilly’s Where 2.0 conferences.[22][23]

References

  1. S2CID 1940653
    .
  2. doi:10.5311/JOSIS.2011.2.26 (inactive 31 January 2024). Retrieved 2015-09-12.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link
    )
  3. ^ "MetaCarta: Putting Natural Language on the Map". GIS Monitor. 2003-08-21. Archived from the original on 2003-10-03.
  4. ^ Smith, Susan. "The Space Between Maps, Search and Content".
  5. ^ a b Dinan, Elizabeth (2003-11-10). "Ware-Withal: MIT-rooted MetaCarta stakes its claim with automatic geoparsing software".
  6. ^ "MetaCarta Unveils First Geo-referencing Solution to Support Arabic and Spanish Languages". 2007-06-20.
  7. ^ Frank, John; Warren, Bob. "Locating All Content" (PDF).
  8. ^ "Chapter 15. Query performance tuning". PostGIS In Action (Second ed.). Manning Publications.
  9. ^ "Apache Solr - Lucene Reference Guide - Spatial Search". Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  10. ^ "CartaTrees Map Search Text Index". Archived from the original on 2003-04-02.
  11. doi:10.1016/j.fss.2011.04.005
    . Geographic information retrieval (GIR) is nowadays a hot research issue that involves the management of uncertainty and imprecision and the modeling of user preferences and context. Indexing the geographic content of documents implies dealing with the ambiguity, synonymy and homonymy of geographic names in texts. On the other side, the evaluation of queries specifying both content based conditions and spatial conditions on documents' contents requires representing the vagueness and context dependency of spatial conditions and the personal user's preferences.
  12. New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  13. ^ "The revenge of geography". The Economist. 2003-03-13. Archived from the original on 2020-12-31.
  14. ^ Levy, Steven (2004-06-07). "Making the Ultimate Map - When digital geography teams up with wireless technology and the Web, the world takes on some new dimensions". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2004-06-03.
  15. ^ US granted 7117199, Frank, John R.; Rauch, Erik M. & Donoghue, Karen, "Spatially coding and displaying information", issued 2006-10-03 
  16. ^ Erik Rauch; Michael Bukatin; Kenneth Baker from MetaCarta. A confidence-based framework for disambiguating geographic terms (Speech). Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  17. ^ András Kornai, MetaCarta (2005). MetaCarta at GeoCLEF 2005. GeoCLEF. In Memoriam Erik Rauch
  18. S2CID 1639723
    .
  19. doi:10.1145/1008992.1009040
    . We describe Web-a-Where, a system for associating geography with Web pages. Web-a-Where locates mentions of places and determines the place each name refers to. In addition, it assigns to each page a geographic focus --- a locality that the page discusses as a whole.
  20. ISSN 0069-4789
    .
  21. ISBN 978-3-540-45697-1
    .
  22. ^ Local Search Faces Off - Craig Donato, Perry Evans, John Frank, Jeremy Kreitler, Shailesh Rao (Speech). Where 2.0. 2005-06-29. Archived from the original on 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  23. doi:10.1109/MC.2005.65
    . Every day, millions of people use their local newspapers, classified ad circulars, Yellow Pages directories, regional magazines, and the Internet to find information pertaining to the activities of daily life…

See also
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