George Gallup
George Gallup | |
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George Horace Gallup (November 18, 1901 – July 26, 1984) was an American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of the
Life and career
Gallup was born in Jefferson, Iowa, the son of Nettie Quella (Davenport) and George Henry Gallup, a dairy farmer. As a teen, George Jr., known then as "Ted", would deliver milk and used his salary to start a newspaper at the high school, where he also played football. His higher education took place at the University of Iowa, where he was a football player, a member of the Iowa Beta chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and editor of The Daily Iowan, an independent newspaper which serves the university campus. He earned his B.A. in 1923, his M.A. in 1925 and his Ph.D. in 1928.[1]
He then moved to Des Moines, Iowa, where he served as head of the Department of Journalism at Drake University until 1931. That year, he moved to Evanston, Illinois, as a professor of journalism and advertising at Northwestern University. The next year, he moved to New York City to join the advertising agency of Young and Rubicam as director of research (later serving as vice president from 1937 to 1947). He was also a professor of journalism at Columbia University, but he had to give up this position shortly after he formed his own polling company, the American Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup Poll), in 1935.[2]
Gallup is often credited as the developer of public polling. In 1932, Gallup did some polling for his mother-in-law,
In 1936, his new organization achieved national recognition by correctly predicting, from the replies of only 50,000 respondents, that
Twelve years later, his organization had its moment of greatest ignominy, when it predicted that
In 1947, he launched the Gallup International Association, an international association of polling organizations.[4] With friends-cum-rivals Elmo Roper and Archibald Crossley, he was instrumental in the establishment of the Market Research Council, the National Council on Public Polls, and the American Association for Public Opinion Research.[5] In 1948, with Claude E. Robinson, he founded Gallup & Robinson, an advertising research company.
In 1958, Gallup grouped all of his polling operations under what became
Gallup died in 1984 of a heart attack at his summer home in Tschingel ob Gunten, a village in the Bernese Oberland of Switzerland. He was buried in Princeton Cemetery. His wife died in 1988, and their son, writer and pollster George Gallup Jr., died in 2011.[6]
See also
- Approval rating
- The Gallup Organization
- Gallup & Robinson
- George H. Gallup House
- Gallup International Association
- Pollsters[7]
References
- ^ Rogers, Everett M. "Iowa School of Journalism". Retrieved June 13, 2012.
- ^ "George Gallup Biography". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
- ^ "Miller, Eunice Viola Babcock – The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa -The University of Iowa". uipress.lib.uiowa.edu.
- ISBN 9781412911771.
- ISBN 9781412918084, retrieved May 22, 2021
- ^ "N.Y. Times reporter Tom Wicker was acclaimed for Kennedy assassination coverage". Detroit Free Press. November 26, 2011. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ISBN 9780429979538.
Bibliography
- Cantril, Hadley. Gauging Public Opinion (1944)
- Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951) Archived July 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, massive compilation of many public opinion polls from US, UK, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere. online
- Converse, Jean M. Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890–1960 (1987), the standard history
- Doktorov, Boris Z. "George Gallup: Biography and Destiny". Moscow: (2011)
- Foley, Ryan J., Gallup Papers Give Glimpse into US Polling History, Associated Press (2012) Archived August 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- Gallup, George. Public Opinion in a Democracy (1939)
- Gallup, George, and Evan Hiill. The Secrets of Long Life (Geis Associates/Random House, 1960).
- Gallup, Alec M. ed. The Gallup Poll Cumulative Index: Public Opinion, 1935–1997 (1999) lists 10,000+ questions, but no results
- Gallup, George Horace, ed. The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–1971 3 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll.
- Hawbaker, Becky Wilson. "Taking 'the Pulse of Democracy': George Gallup, Iowa, and the Origin of the Gallup Poll". The Palimpsest 74(3) 98–118. Description of Gallup's Iowa years and their impact on his development.
- Lavrakas, Paul J. et al. eds. Presidential Polls and the News Media (1995)
- Moore, David W. The Superpollsters: How They Measure and Manipulate Public Opinion in America (1995)
- Ohmer, Susan (2006). George Gallup in Hollywood. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12133-0.
- Rogers, Lindsay. The Pollsters: Public Opinion, Politics, and Democratic Leadership (1949)
- Traugott, Michael W. The Voter's Guide to Election Polls 3rd ed. (2004)
- Young, Michael L. Dictionary of Polling: The Language of Contemporary Opinion Research (1992)
External links
- The Gallup Legacy, from Gallup & Robinson website
- "Opinion: The Black & White Beans". Time. May 3, 1948.
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