Columbia University

Coordinates: 40°48′27″N 73°57′43″W / 40.80750°N 73.96194°W / 40.80750; -73.96194
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Page semi-protected
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Columbia University (disambiguation).

Columbia University
NCAA Division I FCS – Ivy League
  • EARC
  • IRA
  • EAWRC
    • MascotRoar-ee the Lion
    Websitewww.columbia.edu Edit this at Wikidata

    Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York,[6] is a private, Ivy League, research university in New York City, United States. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, it is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest in the United States.

    Columbia was established as a

    Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution, and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights
    and renamed Columbia University.

    Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools. The university's research efforts include the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and accelerator laboratories with Big Tech firms such as Amazon and IBM.[7][8] Columbia is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the MD degree.[9] The university also administers and annually awards the Pulitzer Prize.

    Columbia scientists and scholars have played a pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including brain–computer interface; the laser and maser;[10][11] nuclear magnetic resonance;[12] the first nuclear pile; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift;[13][14][15] and much of the initial research and planning for the Manhattan Project during World War II.

    As of December 2021, its alumni, faculty, and staff have included seven of the

    23 Olympic medalists;[59] 33 Academy Award winners; and 125 Pulitzer Prize
    recipients.

    History

    Main article: History of Columbia University

    18th century

    president of Columbia
    King's College Hall in 1790
    The 1797 Taylor Map of New York City, showing "The College" at its Park Place (then Robinson Street) location and its earlier location, Trinity Church, on the lower left

    Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the

    state lottery towards the foundation of a college.[61]

    Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president,

    State of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.[9]

    In 1763, Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, Alexander Hamilton.[63]: 3  The Irish anatomist, Samuel Clossy, was appointed professor of natural philosophy in October 1765 and later the college's first professor of anatomy in 1767.[66] The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army. The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces.[67][68]

    After the

    Columbia College",[62] a reference to Columbia, an alternative name for America which in turn comes from the name of Christopher Columbus. The Regents finally became aware of the college's defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, which was headed by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to a separate board of 24 trustees.[69]
    : 65–70 

    On May 21, 1787,

    Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. President George Washington and Vice President John Adams, in addition to both houses of Congress attended the college's commencement on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution.[62]
    : 74 

    19th century

    The Gothic Revival library and law school buildings on the Madison Avenue campus
    Low Memorial Library, c. 1900
    Alma Mater, by Daniel Chester French (1903)

    In November 1813, the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming

    Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue
    , where it remained for the next forty years.

    During the last half of the 19th century, under the presidency of Frederick A. P. Barnard, for whom Barnard College is named, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university's refusal to accept women.[71] By this time, the college's investments in New York real estate became a primary source of steady income for the school, mainly owing to the city's expanding population.[63]: 5–8 

    In 1896, university president

    Teachers College, as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor, with philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge.[60] Teachers College is currently affiliated as the university's Graduate School of Education.[73]

    20th–21st century

    See also: Student activism at Columbia University

    Research into the atom by faculty members John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's physics department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the Manhattan Project.[74] In 1928, Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College.[60][75] The college was closed in 1936 due to the adverse effects of the Great Depression and its students were subsequently taught at Morningside Heights, although they did not belong to any college but to the university at large.[76][77] There was an evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a fee, to anyone willing to attend.

    In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the

    non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional undergraduate curriculum.[79] The same year, the Division of Special Programs, later called the School of Continuing Education and now the School of Professional Studies, was established to reprise the former role of University Extension.[80] While the School of Professional Studies only offered non-degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages, it now offers degree programs in a diverse range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields.[81]

    In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the university, and in response, the

    School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history.[82] The Columbia University Bicentennial was celebrated in 1954.[83]

    During the 1960s, student activism reached a climax with

    Grayson Kirk, and the establishment of the University Senate.[84][85]

    Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983,[86] after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College, the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools.[87] Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.[88]

    During the late 20th century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the

    School of International and Public Affairs, which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty.[90]

    In April 2024, Columbia faced what CNN described as a "full-blown crisis" over tensions stemming from a pro-Palestinian campus occupation.[91] In response, the university moved in-person classes online on Monday, April 22.[92][93][dubious – discuss]

    Campus

    Morningside Heights

    College Walk

    The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in the

    Morningside Heights on Seth Low's late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts planning principles by the architects McKim, Mead & White. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside Heights, New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has an extensive tunnel system, more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.[94]

    Butler Library

    The

    Columbia's library system includes over 15.0 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States.[96]

    Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the

    Copenhagen, Denmark.[98][99] Other buildings listed include Casa Italiana, the Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building of St. Anthony Hall, Earl Hall, and the buildings of the affiliated Union Theological Seminary.[100][101][102][103]

    Union Theological Seminary

    A statue by sculptor

    Columbia University protests of 1968 a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired.[104] The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a women's college.[105][106]

    "The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the City Beautiful movement, the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies. McKim's classical facade epitomizes late 19th-century new-classical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.[107]

    Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library

    Other campuses

    Lamont Campus entrance in Palisades, New York
    College of Physicians and Surgeons in Washington Heights

    In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a 17 acres (6.9 ha) site for a new campus in

    Manhattanville, an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia School of the Arts, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.[108][109] The $7 billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant (the Studebaker Building, Prentis Hall, and the Nash Building), eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing these buildings created 6.8 million square feet (630,000 m2) of space for the university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights.[110][111] Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. As of December 2008, the State of New York's Empire State Development Corporation approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use.[112] On May 20, 2009, the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan.[113]

    Lawrence A. Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, and tennis. There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River, the 157-acre (64 ha) Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and Earth Institute in Palisades, New York. A fourth is the 60-acre (24 ha) Nevis Laboratories in Irvington, New York, for the study of particle and motion physics. A satellite site in Paris holds classes at Reid Hall.[9]

    Sustainability

    In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the

    Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Neighborhood Design pilot program. The plan commits to incorporating smart growth, new urbanism and "green" building design principles.[116] Columbia is one of the 2030 Challenge Partners, a group of nine universities in the city of New York that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse emissions by 30% within the next ten years. Columbia University adopts LEED standards for all new construction and major renovations. The university requires a minimum of Silver, but through its design and review process seeks to achieve higher levels. This is especially challenging for lab and research buildings with their intensive energy use; however, the university also uses lab design guidelines that seek to maximize energy efficiency while protecting the safety of researchers.[117]

    Every Thursday and Sunday of the month, Columbia hosts a

    116th Street–Columbia University subway station (1 train) on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line
    .

    According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Columbia University would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak (104) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest (25).[121]

    Transportation

    TSC students can ride the buses.[122]

    In the

    M4, M104 and M60 buses stop on Broadway while the M11
    stops on Amsterdam Avenue.

    The main campus is primarily boxed off by the streets of Amsterdam Avenue, Broadway, 114th street, and 120th street, with some buildings, including Barnard College, located just outside the area. The nearest major highway is the Henry Hudson Parkway (NY 9A) to the west of the campus. It is located 3.4 miles (5.5 km) south of the George Washington Bridge.

    Academics

    Undergraduate admissions and financial aid

    Van Amringe Quadrangle and Memorial
    Undergraduate admissions statistics
    2021 entering
    class[123]Change vs.
    2016[124]
    Admit rate3.9%
    (Neutral decrease −2.1)
    Yield rate66.5%
    (Increase +1.4)
    Test scores middle 50%
    SAT Total1510–1560
    (Decrease −10 median)

    Columbia University received 60,551 applications for the class of 2025 (entering 2021) and a total of around 2,218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3.66%.

    need-blind for domestic applicants.[128]

    Annual gifts, fund-raising, and an increase in spending from the university's endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students. On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus

    Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) began accepting the Common Application. The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy League university to switch to the Common Application.[131]

    Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first-year applicants. According to Columbia, the first four designated scholars "distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements, dynamism, intellectual curiosity, the originality and independence of their thinking, and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences".[132]

    In 1919, Columbia established a student application process characterized by The New York Times as "the first modern college application". The application required a photograph of the applicant, the maiden name of the applicant's mother, and the applicant's religious background.[133]

    Organization

    Columbia Graduate/Professional Schools[134]
    College/school Year founded
    Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons
    		 1767
    College of Dental Medicine 1852
    Columbia Law School 1858
    Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science
    		 1864
    Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 1880
    Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation
    		 1881
    Teachers College, Columbia University (affiliate) 1887
    Columbia University School of Nursing 1892
    Columbia University School of Social Work 1898
    Graduate School of Journalism 1912
    Columbia Business School 1916
    Mailman School of Public Health
    		 1922
    Union Theological Seminary (affiliate) 1928
    School of International and Public Affairs
    		 1946
    School of the Arts 1965
    School of Professional Studies 1995
    Columbia Climate School 2021
    Columbia Undergraduate Schools[134]
    College/school Year founded
    Columbia College
    		 1754
    Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science
    		 1864
    Barnard College (affiliate) 1889
    Columbia University School of General Studies 1947

    Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian and

    not-for-profit institution of higher education.[135] Its official corporate name is "The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York". The university's first charter was granted in 1754 by King George II; however, its modern charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature. The university is governed by 24 trustees, customarily including the president, who serves ex officio. The trustees themselves are responsible for choosing their successors. Six of the 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association. Another six are nominated by the board in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate. The remaining 12, including the president, are nominated by the trustees themselves through their internal processes. The term of office for trustees is six years. Generally, they serve for no more than two consecutive terms. The trustees appoint the president and other senior administrative officers of the university, and review and confirm faculty appointments as required. They determine the university's financial and investment policies, authorize the budget, supervise the endowment, direct the management of the university's real estate and other assets, and otherwise oversee the administration and management of the university.[136]

    Low Memorial Library

    The University Senate was established by the trustees after a university-wide referendum in 1969. It succeeded to the powers of the University Council, which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty, deans, and other administrators to regulate inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of university-wide concern. The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university. These include the president of the university, the provost, the deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, all of whom serve ex officio, and five additional representatives, appointed by the president, from the university's administration. The president serves as the Senate's presiding officer. The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies, physical development, budget, and external relations of the university. It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students.[137][138][139]

    The

    president of Columbia University, who is selected by the trustees in consultation with the executive committee of the University Senate and who serves at the trustees' pleasure, is the chief executive officer of the university. Assisting the president in administering the university are the provost, the senior executive vice president, the executive vice president for health and biomedical sciences, several other vice presidents, the general counsel, the secretary of the university, and the deans of the faculties, all of whom are appointed by the trustees on the nomination of the president and serve at their pleasure.[136] Minouche Shafik
    became the 20th president of Columbia University on July 1, 2023.

    The Barnard College Class of 1913 processes down the steps of Low Library.

    Columbia has four official undergraduate colleges:

    Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering), the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree; the School of General Studies, the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students undertaking full- or part-time study; and Barnard College.[140][141] Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college and an academic affiliate in which students receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University. Their degrees are signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.[142][143] Barnard students are also eligible to cross-register classes that are available through the Barnard Catalogue and alumnae can join the Columbia Alumni Association.[144]

    Joint degree programs are available through

    Teachers College and Barnard College are official faculties of the university; both colleges' presidents are deans under the university governance structure.[148] The Columbia University Senate includes faculty and student representatives from Teachers College and Barnard College who serve two-year terms; all senators are accorded full voting privileges regarding matters impacting the entire university. Teachers College is an affiliated, financially independent graduate school with their own board of trustees.[138][139] Pursuant to an affiliation agreement, Columbia is given the authority to confer "degrees and diplomas" to the graduates of Teachers College. The degrees are signed by presidents of Teachers College and Columbia University in a manner analogous to the university's other graduate schools.[149][150][148] Columbia's General Studies school also has joint undergraduate programs available through University College London,[151] Sciences Po,[152] City University of Hong Kong,[153] Trinity College Dublin,[154] and the Juilliard School.[155]

    The university also has several Columbia Global Centers, in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Mumbai, Nairobi, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, and Tunis.[156]

    International partnerships

    Columbia students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as

    Panthéon-Sorbonne University, King's College London, London School of Economics, University College London and the University of Warwick. Select students can study at either the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge for a year if approved by both Columbia and either Oxford or Cambridge.[158] Columbia also has a dual MA program with the Aga Khan University
    in London.

    Rankings

    Columbia University is ranked 12th in the United States and seventh globally for 2023–2024 by

    Mailman School of Public Health fourth, the School of Social Work tied for third, Columbia Business School eighth, the College of Physicians and Surgeons tied for sixth for research (and tied for 31st for primary care), the School of Nursing tied for 11th in the master's program and tied for first in the doctorate nursing program, and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science
    (graduate) was ranked tied for 14th.

    In 2021, Columbia was ranked seventh in the world (sixth in the United States) by Academic Ranking of World Universities, sixth in the world by U.S. News & World Report, 19th in the world by QS World University Rankings, and 11th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Harvard, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2019 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance. Columbia's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation was ranked the second most admired graduate program by Architectural Record in 2020.

    In 2011, the

    CEOs
    in the US and 12th worldwide.

    Controversies

    In 2022, Columbia's reporting of metrics used for university ranking was criticized by Professor of Mathematics Michael Thaddeus, who argued key data supporting the ranking was "inaccurate, dubious or highly misleading."[170][171] Subsequently, U.S. News & World Report "unranked" Columbia from its 2022 list of Best Colleges saying that it could not verify the data submitted by the university.[172] In June 2023, Columbia University announced their undergraduate schools would no longer participate in U.S. News & World Report's rankings, following the lead of its law, medical and nursing schools. A press release cited concerns that such rankings unduly influence applicants and "distill a university's profile into a composite of data categories."[173]

    Research

    Havemeyer Hall, a National Historic Chemical Landmark, where deuterium was discovered in 1931. Research conducted in Havemeyer has led to at least seven Nobel Prizes.[174]

    Columbia is

    LEDs, and Beamprop (used in photonics).[182]

    Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year.

    telecommunications and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, which is an astronomical observatory affiliated with NASA
    .

    Military and veteran enrollment

    Columbia is a long-standing participant of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Yellow Ribbon Program, allowing eligible veterans to pursue a Columbia undergraduate degree regardless of socioeconomic status for over 70 years.[185] As a part of the Eisenhower Leader Development Program (ELDP) in partnership with the United States Military Academy at West Point, Columbia is the only school in the Ivy League to offer a graduate degree program in organizational psychology to aid military officers in tactical decision making and strategic management.[186]

    Awards

    President Lee Bollinger presents the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction to Jeffrey Eugenides.

    Several prestigious awards are administered by Columbia University, most notably the

    Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission Prize for the Translation of Japanese Literature, the oldest such award;[193] the Edwin Howard Armstrong award;[194] the Calderone Prize in public health;[195] and the Ditson Conductor's Award.[196]

    Student life

    Students

    Student body composition as of May 2, 2022
    Race and ethnicity[197] Total
    White 33% 33
     
    Foreign national 18% 18
     
    Asian 17% 17
     
    Hispanic 15% 15
     
    Other[a] 10% 10
     
    Black 7% 7
     
    Economic diversity
    Low-income[b] 19% 19
     
    Affluent[c] 81% 81
     

    In 2020, Columbia University's student population was 31,455 (8,842 students in undergraduate programs and 22,613 in postgraduate programs), with 45% of the student population identifying themselves as a minority.[198] Twenty-six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below $60,000. 16% of students at Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants,[199] which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below $40,000. Seventeen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four-year college.[200]

    On-campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate.

    Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) share housing in the on-campus residence halls. First-year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn: Carman Hall, Furnald Hall, Hartley Hall, John Jay Hall, or Wallach Hall (originally Livingston Hall). Upperclassmen participate in a room selection process, wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor- or apartment-style housing with their friends. The Columbia University School of General Studies, Barnard College and graduate schools have their own apartment-style housing in the surrounding neighborhood.[201]

    Columbia University is home to many

    fraternities, sororities, and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10–15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.[202] Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities. There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta chapter of Alpha Delta Phi.[203] The InterGreek Council is the self-governing student organization that provides guidelines and support to its member organizations within each of the three councils at Columbia, the Interfraternity Council, Panhellenic Council, and Multicultural Greek Council. The three council presidents bring their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as one Greek community. The InterGreek Council meetings provide opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other, work together and advocate for community needs.[204]

    Publications

    1962–63 New York City newspaper strike
    The Art Deco cover of the November 1931 edition of the Jester, celebrating the opening of the George Washington Bridge

    The Columbia Daily Spectator is the nation's second-oldest continuously operating daily student newspaper.[205] The Blue and White[206] is a monthly literary magazine established in 1890 that discusses campus life and local politics. Bwog,[207] originally an offshoot of The Blue and White but now fully independent, is an online campus news and entertainment source. The Morningside Post is a student-run multimedia news publication.

    Political publications include

    The Current, a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs;[208] the Columbia Political Review, the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union;[209] and AdHoc, which denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues and arts events.[210]

    Columbia Magazine is the alumni magazine of Columbia, serving all 340,000+ of the university's alumni. Arts and literary publications include The Columbia Review, the nation's oldest college literary magazine;

    literary journal; the Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism;[215] and The Mobius Strip, an online arts and literary magazine.[216] Inside New York is an annual guidebook to New York City, written, edited, and published by Columbia undergraduates. Through a distribution agreement with Columbia University Press, the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores.[217]

    Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications. The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal prints original science research in its two annual publications.[218] The Journal of Politics & Society is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences;[219] Publius is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008 and published biannually;[220] the Columbia East Asia Review allows undergraduates throughout the world to publish original work on China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam and is supported by the Weatherhead East Asian Institute;[221] The Birch is an undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student-run journal of its kind;[222] the Columbia Economics Review is the undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Economics Department; and the Columbia Science Review is a science magazine that prints general interest articles and faculty profiles.[223]

    Humor publications on Columbia's campus include

    The Fed, a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper, and the Jester of Columbia.[224][225] Other publications include The Columbian, the undergraduate colleges' annually published yearbook;[226] the Gadfly, a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates;[227] and Rhapsody in Blue, an undergraduate urban studies magazine.[228] Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current Musicology and The Journal of Philosophy.[229][230]
    During the spring semester, graduate students in the Journalism School publish The Bronx Beat, a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx.

    Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, the Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) examines day-to-day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a year.[231]

    Former publications include the Columbia University Forum, a review of literature and cultural affairs distributed for free to alumni.[232][233]

    Broadcasting

    Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate

    WBAR. WKCR, the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-state area, claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the university's affiliation with Major Edwin Armstrong. The station went operational on July 18, 1939, from a 400-foot antenna tower in Alpine, New Jersey, broadcasting the first FM transmission in the world. Initially, WKCR was not a radio station, but an organization concerned with the technology of radio communications. As membership grew, however, the nascent club turned its efforts to broadcasting. Armstrong helped the students in their early efforts, donating a microphone and turntables when they designed their first makeshift studio in a dorm room.[234] The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan. Columbia Television (CTV) is the nation's second oldest student television station and the home of CTV News, a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students.[235][236]

    Debate and Model UN

    The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country.[237] The society annually administers the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest.[238] The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the American Parliamentary Debate Association, and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.[239]

    The Columbia International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA), oversees Columbia's Model United Nations activities. CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences, hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus, and trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Model UN.[240]

    Technology and entrepreneurship

    Pupin Hall, the physics building, showing the rooftop Rutherfurd Observatory

    Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City. Over the past 20 years, graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies.[241]

    The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including talks, #StartupColumbia, a conference and venture competition for $250,000, and Ignite@CU, a weekend for undergrads interested in design, engineering, and entrepreneurship. Notable speakers include Peter Thiel, Jack Dorsey,[242] Alexis Ohanian, Drew Houston, and Mark Cuban. As of 2006, CORE had awarded graduate and undergraduate students over $100,000 in seed capital.

    CampusNetwork, an on-campus social networking site called Campus Network that preceded Facebook, was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003.

    Microsoft Corporation.[244]

    On June 14, 2010, Mayor

    Stanford, and was established with a $250,000 grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation.[245]

    Athletics

    Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium
    Main article: Columbia Lions
    See also:
    FCS, Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the Ivy League. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium. The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track, and rowing, as well as the new Campbell Sports Center, which opened in January 2013. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball, and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.[246]

    Baseball Hall of Famer, Lou Gehrig

    Former students include

    Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins, football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman, Marcellus Wiley, and world champion women's weightlifter Karyn Marshall.[247][248] On May 17, 1939, fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field, making it the first televised regular athletic event in history.[249][250]

    Columbia University athletics has a long history, with many accomplishments in athletic fields. In 1870, Columbia played against

    Football Championship Subdivision. The streak was broken on October 8, 1988, with a 16–13 victory over arch-rival Princeton University. That was the Lions' first victory at Wien Stadium, which had been opened during the losing streak and was already four years old.[252] A new tradition has developed with the Liberty Cup. The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the football game between Fordham and Columbia Universities, two of the only three NCAA Division I football teams in New York City.[253]

    World Leaders Forum

    World Leaders Forum at Low Memorial Library

    Established in 2003 by university president

    Lee C. Bollinger, the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government, religion, industry, finance, and academia. The World Leaders Forum is a year-around event series that strives to provide a platform for uninhibited speech among nations and cultures, while educating students about problems and progress around the globe.[254]

    Past forum speakers include former president of the United States

    Michael R. Bloomberg, President Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina, former Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan, and Al Gore.[255]

    Other

    Earl Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its role in serving as a venue for meetings and dances of the Columbia Queer Alliance.

    The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States. Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia's schools.[256] The Notes and Keys, the oldest a cappella group at Columbia, was founded in 1909.[257] There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater, including the Columbia Players, King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical Theater Society (CMTS), NOMADS (New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students), LateNite Theatre, Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theatre Ensemble (BTE), sketch comedy group Chowdah, and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch.[258]

    The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual, lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student Homophile League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson.[259][260]

    Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005–06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton".[261]

    The largest student service organization at Columbia is Community Impact (CI). Founded in 1981, CI provides food, clothing, shelter, education, job training, and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities. CI consists of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs, which serve more than 8,000 people each year.[262]

    Columbia has several secret societies, including St. Anthony Hall, which was founded at the university in 1847, and two senior societies, the Nacoms and Sachems.[263][264]

    Traditions

    Further information: Columbia University traditions
    Fly With Me (1920), one of the only collaborations between Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, and Lorenz Hart

    The Varsity Show

    Main article: Varsity Show

    The Varsity Show is one of the oldest traditions at Columbia. Founded in 1893 as a fundraiser for the university's fledgling athletic teams, the Varsity Show now draws together the entire Columbia undergraduate community for a series of performances every April. Dedicated to producing a unique full-length musical that skewers and satirizes many dubious aspects of life at Columbia, the Varsity Show is written and performed exclusively by university undergraduates. Various renowned playwrights, composers, authors, directors, and actors have contributed to the Varsity Show, either as writers or performers, while students at Columbia, including Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, Lorenz Hart, Herman J. Mankiewicz, I. A. L. Diamond, Herman Wouk, Greta Gerwig, and Kate McKinnon.[265]

    Notable past shows include

    Fly With Me (1920), The Streets of New York (1948), The Sky's the Limit (1954), and Angels at Columbia (1994). In particular, Streets of New York, after having been revived three times, opened off-Broadway in 1963 and was awarded a 1964 Drama Desk Award. The Mischief Maker (1903), written by Edgar Allan Woolf and Cassius Freeborn, premiered at Madison Square Garden in 1906 as Mam'zelle Champagne.[265][266]

    Tree Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies

    Tree Lighting at College Walk
    The first modern Yule Log ceremony in John Jay Hall, 1910

    The campus Tree Lighting ceremony was inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent Hall and Hamilton Hall on the east end and Dodge Hall and Pulitzer Hall on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until February 28. Students meet at the sundial for free hot chocolate, performances by a cappella groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.[267]

    Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The Christmas ceremony dates to a period prior to the

    Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus by Francis Pharcellus Church.[268]

    Notable people

    Main article: List of Columbia University people

    Alumni

    See also: List of Columbia University alumni and attendees; List of Columbia University people in politics, military and law; and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty

    The university has graduated many notable alumni, including five

    a member of the Committee of Five. Three United States presidents have attended Columbia,[269] as well as ten Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, including three Chief Justices. As of 2011, 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners have attended Columbia.[270] As of 2006, there were 101 National Academy members who were alumni.[271]

    In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard.[272][273]

    Former U.S. Presidents

    Jose Ramos Horta, president of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves and other historical figures such as Wellington Koo, Radovan Karadžić, Gaston Eyskens, and T. V. Soong. One of the architects of the Constitution of India, B. R. Ambedkar, was an alumnus.[279]

    Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the

    The Home Depot.[302] Notable labor organizer and women's educator Louise Leonard McLaren received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia.[303]

    In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of

    Robert Millikan,[309] Helium–neon laser inventor Ali Javan and Mihajlo Pupin;[310] chief-engineer of the New York City Subway, William Barclay Parsons;[311] philosophers Irwin Edman[312] and Robert Nozick;[313] economist Milton Friedman;[314] psychologist Harriet Babcock;[315] archaeologist Josephine Platner Shear;[316] and sociologists Lewis A. Coser and Rose Laub Coser.[317][318]

    Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts, including composers

    J.D. Salinger,[328] Upton Sinclair,[329] Ursula K. Le Guin,[330] Danielle Valore Evans,[331] and Hunter S. Thompson.[332] In architecture, William Lee Stoddart, a prolific architect of U.S. East Coast hotels, is an alumnus.[333]

    University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry, with 33 alumni and former students winning a combined 43 Academy Awards (as of 2011).[270] Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors Sidney Lumet (12 Angry Men)[334] and Kathryn Bigelow (The Hurt Locker),[335] screenwriters Howard Koch (Casablanca)[336] and Joseph L. Mankiewicz (All About Eve),[337] and actors James Cagney,[338] Ed Harris and Timothée Chalamet.[339]

    Faculty

    As of 2021, Columbia employs 4,381 faculty, including 70 members of the National Academy of Sciences,[340] 178 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[341] and 65 members of the National Academy of Medicine.[342] In total, the Columbia faculty has included 52 Nobel laureates, 12 National Medal of Science recipients,[343] and 32 National Academy of Engineering members.[344]

    Columbia University faculty played particularly important roles during

    Statistical Research Group, which used statistics to analyze military problems during World War II, was composed of Columbia researchers and faculty including George Stigler and Milton Friedman.[346] Columbia faculty and researchers, including Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard, Eugene T. Booth, John R. Dunning, George B. Pegram, Walter Zinn, Chien-Shiung Wu, Francis G. Slack, Harold Urey, Herbert L. Anderson, and Isidor Isaac Rabi, also played a significant role during the early phases of the Manhattan Project.[347]

    Following the rise of Nazi Germany, the exiled Institute for Social Research at Goethe University Frankfurt would affiliate itself with Columbia from 1934 to 1950.[348] It was during this period that thinkers including Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse wrote and published some of the most seminal works of the Frankfurt School, including Reason and Revolution, Dialectic of Enlightenment, and Eclipse of Reason.[349] Professors Edward Said, author of Orientalism, and Gayatri Spivak are generally considered as founders of the field of postcolonialism;[350][351] other professors that have significantly contributed to the field include Hamid Dabashi and Joseph Massad.[352][353] The works of professors Kimberlé Crenshaw, Patricia J. Williams, and Kendall Thomas were foundational to the field of critical race theory.[354]

    Columbia and its affiliated faculty have also made significant contributions to the study of religion. The affiliated Union Theological Seminary is a center of liberal Christianity in the United States, having served as the birthplace of Black theology through the efforts of faculty including James H. Cone and Cornel West,[355][356] and Womanist theology, through the works of Katie Cannon, Emilie Townes, and Delores S. Williams.[357][358][359] Likewise, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America was the birthplace of Conservative Judaism movement in the United States, which was founded and led by faculty members including Solomon Schechter, Alexander Kohut, and Louis Ginzberg in the early 20th century, and is a major center for Jewish studies in general.[360]

    Other schools of thought in the humanities Columbia professors made significant contributions toward include the

    Edward L. Thorndike, and Robert S. Woodworth.[364]

    Notable figures that have served as the president of Columbia University include 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower, 4th Vice President of the United States George Clinton, Founding Father and U.S. Senator from Connecticut William Samuel Johnson, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Nicholas Murray Butler, and First Amendment scholar Lee Bollinger.[22]

    Notable Columbia University faculty include Zbigniew Brzezinski, Sonia Sotomayor, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Lee Bollinger, Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, Edward Sapir, John Dewey, Charles A. Beard, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, Edward Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Orhan Pamuk, Edwin Howard Armstrong, Enrico Fermi, Chien-Shiung Wu, Tsung-Dao Lee, Jack Steinberger, Joachim Frank, Joseph Stiglitz, Jeffrey Sachs, Robert Mundell, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Eric Kandel, Richard Axel, and Andrei Okounkov.

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
    2. Pell grant
      intended for low-income students.
    3. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

    Citations

    1. Robert R. Livingston,[18] Egbert Benson,[19] and Gouverneur Morris.[20] Additionally, Founding Fathers George Clinton[21] and William Samuel Johnson[22] served as presidents of the university
      .
    2. ^ Three presidents have attended Columbia: Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Barack Obama. Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the president of the university from 1948 to 1953.
    3. ^ Alumni who served as foreign heads of state or government include: Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali (Iraq, 1953–54),[23] Kassim al-Rimawi (Jordan, 1980),[24] Giuliano Amato (Italy, 1992–1993 and 2000–2001),[25] Hafizullah Amin (Afghanistan, 1979),[26] Nahas Angula (Namibia, 2005–12),[27] Marek Belka (Poland, 2004–05),[28] Chen Gongbo (China, 1944–45),[29] Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (Poland, 1996–97),[30] Gaston Eyskens (Belgium, 1949–50, 1958–61 and 1968–73),[31] Mark Eyskens (Belgium, 1981),[32] Ashraf Ghani (Afghanistan, 2014–21),[33] José Ramos-Horta (East Timor, 2007–12 and 2022– ),[34] Toomas Hendrik Ilves (Estonia, 2006–16),[35] Wellington Koo (China 1926–27),[36] Lee Huan (Taiwan, 1989–90),[37] Benjamin Mkapa (Tanzania, 1995–2005),[38] Mohammad Musa Shafiq (Afghanistan, 1972–73),[39] Nwafor Orizu (Nigeria, 1965–6),[40] Santiago Peña (Paraguay, 2023–present),[41] Mikheil Saakashvili (Georgia, 2004–13),[42] Juan Bautista Sacasa (Nicaragua, 1933–36),[43] Salim Ahmed Salim (Tanzania, 1984–85),[44] Ernesto Samper (Colombia, 1994–98),[45] T. V. Soong (China, 1945–47),[46] Sun Fo (China, 1932; Taiwan, 1948–49),[47] C. R. Swart (South Africa, 1959–67),[48] Tang Shaoyi (China, 1912),[49] Abdul Zahir (Afghanistan, 1971–72),[45] and Zhou Ziqi (China, 1922).[50] Faculty and fellows include Fernando Henrique Cardoso (Brazil, 1995–2002),[51] Alfred Gusenbauer (Austria, 2007–2008),[52] Václav Havel (Czechoslovakia, 1989–1992; Czech Republic, 1993–2003),[53] Lucas Papademos (Greece, 2011–2012),[54] Mary Robinson (Ireland, 1990–1997).[55]
    4. ^ Boutros Boutros-Ghali taught as a Fulbright Research Scholar from 1954 to 1955.[56] Kofi Annan was a global fellow at SIPA from 2009 to 2018.[52]

    References

    1. ^ Psalms 36:9
    2. ^ a b "Consolidated Financial Statements, June 30, 2023 and 2022" (PDF). Columbia University. October 17, 2023. p. 23. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
    3. ^ "Full-time Faculty Distribution by School/Division, Fall 2013-2022" (PDF). Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research. January 28, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
    4. ^ a b c "Enrollment by School and Degree Level, Fall 2022" (PDF). Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research. November 3, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
    5. ^ Columbia University Brand Guide (PDF). December 1, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
    6. ISBN 0-231-13008-2
      , Several developments at Columbia in the 1890s helped separate, or at least dramatze, the break with what had gone before and what would come later. The first was a formal change in name, giving the institution the fourth in its history. It began in 1754 as King's College and became in 1784 and remained for three thereafter Columbia College in the State of New York. From 1787 until 1896 Columbia was officially Columbia College in the City of New York, until, by trustee resolution on May 2, 1896, it became Columbia University in the City of New York.<Footnote 2: Columbia University Trustees Minutes, January 8, 1912. The change was formally accepted by the New York State Board of Regents in 1912. (page 609)>
    7. ^ "Columbia Engineering and Amazon Announce Creation of New York AI Research Center". Columbia Engineering. September 21, 2020. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
    8. ^ "Columbia University and IBM Establish New Center to Accelerate Innovation in Blockchain and Data Transparency | Columbia Engineering". Engineering.columbia.edu. July 17, 2018. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
    9. ^ a b c d "A Brief History of Columbia". Columbia University. 2011. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
    10. S2CID 161615270
      .
    11. OCLC 44594104
      .
    12. ^ "Isidor Isaac Rabi". Aps.org. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
    13. ^ N. D. Opdyke, et al., "Paleomagnetic study of Antarctic deep-sea cores", Science 154(1966): 349–357.
    14. ^ Heirtzler, J. R., et al., "Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic field reversals, and motions of the ocean floor and continents", Journal of Geophysical Research, 73(1968): 2119–2136.
    15. ^ Pitman, W. and M. Talwani, "Sea-floor spreading in the North Atlantic", GSA Bulletin, 83(1972): 619–646.
    16. ISBN 978-1-59420-009-0
      .
    17. ^ "A Brief Biography of John Jay". The Papers of John Jay. Columbia University. 2002. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    18. ^ Dangerfield, George (1960). Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, 1746–1813. New York, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
    19. ^ "Egbert Benson". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    20. ^ Wright, Robert K Jr. (1987). "Gouverneur Morris". Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 71-25. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
    21. ^ "From Alexander Hamilton to George Clinton, [26 November 1784–17 July 1787]". Founders Online. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
    22. ^ a b "Columbia University President Profiles". Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
    23. ^ Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali. "Experiences In Arab Affairs". Harvard University. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    24. ^ "Riasat al-Wuzara' — Dawlat al-Duktur Qasim al-Riymawi" رئاسة الوزراء — دولة الدكتور قاسم الريماوي [The Cabinet — His Excellency Dr. Kassim al-Rimawi]. www.pm.gov.jo. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
    25. ^ Daniel Peterson (November 29, 2007). "An Interview with Giuliano Amato". The Florentine. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    26. ISBN 978-0-7881-1111-2
      .
    27. ^ "Namibia PM is Nahas Angula ... Educated in the US". Newsday. October 13, 2009. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    28. ^ "The Biography of Marek Belka". United Nations. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    29. ISBN 978-0-419-22160-9
      .
    30. ^ "Charlemagne: Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz". The Economist. November 1, 2001. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
    31. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients" (PDF). Columbia University. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    32. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
      from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
    33. ^ "Ashraf Ghani: departing Afghan president who failed to make peace with Taliban". Thomson Reuters. August 15, 2021.
    34. ^ Alyssa Smith (October 7, 2010). "State Building Challenges in Timor Leste". Columbia Communique. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    35. ^ Herb Jackson. "From Estonia to Leonia". Estonian Office of the President. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    36. ^ "Columbia 250: Wellington Koo". Columbia University. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    37. ^ Kerry Brown (December 12, 2010). "Lee Huan obituary". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
    38. ^ "Benjamin Mkapa". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    39. ^ "Historical Note on Afghanistan" (PDF). United Nations. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    40. ^ "Education: Prince with a Purpose". Time. January 1, 1945. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
    41. ^ "Santiago Peña Palacios | World Bank Live". live.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
    42. ^ "Profile: Mikhail Saakashvili". BBC News Online. January 25, 2004. Archived from the original on August 13, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    43. ^ "Juan Bautista Sacasa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
    44. ^ "Biography of Salim Ahmed Salim". United Nations. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    45. ^ a b "U.S. Students yesterday, world leaders tomorrow". U.S. Department of Education. Archived from the original on November 25, 2005. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    46. ^ "T. V. Soong (Song Ziwen) – A Prominent Businessman and Politician in Republic of China". Cultural China. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
    47. ^ Boorman, Howard (1970). Biographical dictionary of Republican China. Columbia University Press. pp. 163–165.
    48. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
      from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
    49. ISBN 978-0-419-22160-9
      .
    50. ISBN 978-0-674-01654-5
      .
    51. ^ "Fernando Henrique Cardoso". Fulbright Association. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    52. ^ a b "Kofi Annan named a Columbia University fellow". San Diego Union-Tribune. May 15, 2009. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
    53. ^ "Blue Velvet". Columbia Magazine. 2012. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
    54. ^ "Lucas Papademos". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
    55. ^ "Robinson to take up new Columbia University professorship next week". The Irish Times. January 15, 2004. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
    56. ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali". www.un.org. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
    57. ^ "Member Profile Search – Columbia University". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
    58. ^ Kathleen Elkins. "More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
    59. ^ "The Columbia University Athletes Who Have Medaled at the Olympics Over the Years". Columbia News. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
    60. ^
      ISBN 978-0-231-13008-0
      .
    61. ^ Keppel, Fredrick Paul (1914). Columbia. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 26.
    62. ^ a b c d e f Matthews, Brander; John Pine; Harry Peck; Munroe Smith (1904). A History of Columbia University: 1754–1904. London, England: Macmillan Company.
    63. ^ a b c Butler, Nicholas Murray (1912). An Official Guide to Columbia University. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
    64. ^ Hastings, Hugh, ed. (1905). Ecclesiastical Records of the State of New York. Vol. V. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company. p. 3506. Archived from the original on April 28, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
    65. JSTOR 42890076. Archived
      (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023 – via JSTOR.
    66. PMID 14133620. Archived
      from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
    67. ISBN 978-0-8027-1374-2
      .
    68. ISBN 978-0-7432-2671-4
      .
    69. ^ a b Moore, Nathanal Fischer (1846). A Historical Sketch of Columbia. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
    70. ^ Groce, C. G. (1937). William Samuel Johnson: A Maker of the Constitution. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
    71. ^ McCaughey, Robert (December 10, 2003). "Leading American University Producers of PhDs, 1861–1900". Stand, Columbia – A History of Columbia University. Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    72. OCLC 264897. Archived
      (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2018. the time has come for a new and nobler civilization," ... when ... "the wealth which has accumulated in this city by the joint association of its people, and to which every human being contributes by his industry, shall come to be regarded as a sacred trust to be administered in the public interest for works of beneficence to all.
    73. ^ "History – Columbia University in the City of New York". Columbia.edu. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
    74. ^ Broad, William J. (October 30, 2007). "Why They Called It the Manhattan Project". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 7, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2007.
    75. ^ "Seth Low College Added to Columbia". Columbia Spectator. April 3, 1928. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2024 – via Columbia Spectator Archive.
    76. ^ Asimov, I. (1979) In Memory Yet Green, Avon Books, pp. 156–157, 159–160, 240
    77. ^ Hirt, Leeza (Fall 2016). "Columbia for Jews? The Untold Story of Seth Low Junior College". The Current. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
    78. ^ "History". Columbia University School of General Studies. Archived from the original on April 6, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
    79. ^ "What makes GS different from Columbia's traditional undergraduate colleges?". Columbia University School of General Studies. Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
    80. ^ "University Senate". Senate.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
    81. ^ "Our History". Columbia University School of Professional Studies. Archived from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
    82. ^ "Looking Out on a City and a World". Columbia University. Archived from the original on April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
    83. ^ "Columbia Removing 116th St. Pavement". The New York Times. August 19, 1953. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
    84. ISBN 978-0-345-45582-6
      .
    85. ISBN 978-0-252-03452-7
      .
    86. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
      from the original on April 28, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
    87. ^ Reception honors anniversary of CC coeducation | Columbia Daily Spectator Archived January 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Columbiaspectator.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.
    88. ^ "Our Partnership with Columbia University". Barnard College. Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
    89. ^ "GSAS at a Glance – Columbia University – Graduate School of Arts and Sciences". Archived from the original on March 10, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
    90. ^ "History – Faculty of Arts and Sciences". Fas.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
    91. ^ Tebor, Celina; Sottile, Zoe; Egan, Matt (April 21, 2024). "Columbia University faces full-blown crisis as rabbi calls for Jewish students to 'return home'". CNN. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
    92. ^ Belikn, Douglas; Lukpat, Alyssa (April 22, 2024). "Columbia Cancels In-Person Classes Amid Pro-Palestinian Protests". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
    93. ISSN 0362-4331
      . Retrieved April 22, 2024.
    94. ^ "Unearthing the Underground". Columbia Spectator. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
    95. ^ "Butler Library: Self-Guided Tour" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    96. ^ Mian, Anam; Roebuck, Gary (2020). ARL Statistics 2018–2019. Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries. p. 45. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
    97. ^ Robert D. Colburn (July 2002) National Historic Landmark Nomination: Philosophy Hall, National Park Service and Accompanying 13 photos, exterior and interior, from c.1922–2001
    98. ^ Carolyn Pitts (1987). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Low Memorial Library, Columbia". National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
    99. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University—Accompanying photos". National Park Service. 1983. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
    100. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1
      .
    101. ^ Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (3/2/1934–) (1996). New York SP Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter. File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, 1964 – 2013. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    102. ^ "Earl Hall at Columbia University Listed on National Register of Historic Places". NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
    103. ^ Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (1980). New York SP Union Theological Seminary. File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, 1964 – 2013. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
    104. ^ Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture. "Alma Mater (sculpture)". The Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
    105. ^ Meredith Foster (February 11, 2011). "The Myth of the College Sweetheart". The Eye. Columbia Spectator. Archived from the original on March 7, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
    106. ^ "What Is the Mace? A Guide to Columbia's Icons". Columbia University Record. May 19, 1999. Archived from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    107. ^ Richard P. Dober. "The Steps at Low Library" (PDF). Dober, Lidsky, Craig and Associates, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 14, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    108. ^ Columbia, Manhatanville. "Manhattanville Columbia". Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
    109. ^ "Manhattanville in West Harlem". Archived from the original on December 12, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
    110. ^ Williams, Timothy (November 20, 2006). "In West Harlem Land Dispute, It's Columbia vs. Residents". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
    111. ^ Williams, Timothy (September 21, 2008). "2 Gas Stations, and a Family's Resolve, Confront Columbia Expansion Plan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
    112. ^ Astor, Maggie; Kim Kirschenbaum (December 18, 2008). "M'ville Expansion Clears Last Major Hurdle, State Approves Eminent Domain". Columbia Spectator. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
    113. ^ "Columbia Manhattanville Project". Press Release. May 20, 2009. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved August 12, 2009.
    114. ^ Harder, Ben (July 28, 2020). "2020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings". health.usnews.com. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
    115. ^ "NYP: Weschster". NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    116. ^ "Manhattanville in West Harlem". Columbia University. Archived from the original on December 12, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    117. ^ "Projects: Green Buildings". Columbia Environmental Stewardship. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    118. ^ "Columbia Greenmarket". GrowNYC. September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    119. ^ "Columbia University Green Report Card". The College Sustainability Report Card. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    120. ^ "Columbia University Green Report Card". College Sustainability Report Card. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
    121. ^ "U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)". Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
    122. ^ "Columbia Transportation". transportation.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
    123. ^ "Class of 2025 Profile". Columbia University. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
    124. ^ "Common Data Set 2015–2016". Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 4, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
    125. ^ "Columbia acceptance rate drops to record low 3.7 percent after 51 percent spike in applications". Columbia Daily Spectator. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
    126. ^ "Financial Aid Statistics". Columbia University. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
    127. ^ "Columbia University Tuition And Costs". Collegedata.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
    128. ^ "How Aid Works – Columbia Financial Aid and Educational Financing". Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
    129. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
      from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
    130. ^ "Columbia University to Offer Financial Aid to More Students". The New York Times. March 11, 2008. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
    131. ^ Steinberg, Jacques (March 23, 2010). "Columbia, Michigan and Connecticut Among 25 Colleges to Add Common Application". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    132. ^ "The Named Scholars". Studentaffairs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
    133. ^ Gross, Jessica (November 10, 2013). "Who Made That College Application?". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
    134. ^ a b "Structure | Faculty Handbook". Columbia University. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
    135. ^ "Columbia University In The City Of New York" ProPublica. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
    136. ^ a b "Board of Trustees, Office of the Secretary". Columbia University. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
    137. ^ "Columbia University Senate". Columbia University. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    138. ^ a b "Election packet" (PDF). 2017. Archived from the original on August 9, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
    139. ^ a b "Elections". Senate.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
    140. ^ "List of Schools | Columbia University in the City of New York". www.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
    141. ^ "Schools of Columbia University". Columbia University. Archived from the original on April 12, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    142. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Barnard College". Barnard.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
    143. ^ "CHARTERS AND STATUTES : Columbia University in the City of New York" (PDF). Provost.columbia.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
    144. ^ "Cross-Registration: Columbia and Barnard College – Office of the University Registrar". Registrar.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
    145. ^ "JTS Joint Program". Gs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 23, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
    146. ^ "Columbia-Juilliard Program | Columbia Undergraduate Admissions". Undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on January 14, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
    147. ^ Patti, Joe; Pasternak, Jill. "Crossing Boundaries from Past to Future: Pianist Conrad Tao on Crossover". Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
    148. ^ a b "Charters and Statutes" (PDF). Office of the Secretary - Columbia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
    149. ^ "Charters and Statutes" (PDF). 2017. p. 97. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
    150. ^ "Fact Sheet – Barnard College". Barnard.edu. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
    151. ^ "Joint LLB/Juris Doctor (JD) with Columbia University, New York". University College London. Archived from the original on July 19, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
    152. ^ "Dual BA Program Between Columbia University and Sciences Po". Gs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
    153. ^ "Joint Bachelor's Degree Program between City University of Hong Kong and Columbia University". Gs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
    154. ^ "Dual BA Program | Trinity College Dublin". Gs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
    155. ^ "Columbia-Juilliard Exchange". Undergrad.asmissions.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
    156. ^ "Columbia University Global Centers". Columbia University. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
    157. ^ Redden, Elizabeth (April 4, 2018). "Columbia, Trinity College Dublin start new dual B.A. program". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
    158. ^ "Oxford/Cambridge Scholars Program: Academic Year | Undergraduate Global Engagement". Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
    159. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
    160. ^ "Forbes America's Top Colleges List 2023". Forbes. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
    161. ^ "2023-2024 Best National Universities". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
    162. ^ "2023 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
    163. ^ "2024 Best Colleges in the U.S." The Wall Street Journal/College Pulse. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
    164. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
    165. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2024: Top global universities". Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
    166. ^ "World University Rankings 2024". Times Higher Education. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
    167. ^ "2022-23 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
    168. ^ "Columbia University – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
    169. ^ "Columbia University – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
    170. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
      from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
    171. ^ Diep, Francie (March 16, 2022). "Columbia Is Ranked No. 2 by 'U.S News.' A Professor Says Its Spot Is Based on False Data". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
    172. ^ Hartocollis, Anemona (July 8, 2022). "Columbia Loses Its No. 2 Spot in the U.S. News Rankings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
    173. ^ Mueller, Julia (June 7, 2023). "Columbia University no longer submitting data to US News college ranking". The Hill. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
    174. ^ "Havemeyer Hall" (PDF). American Chemical Society. October 9, 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
    175. ^ "Columbia University in the City of New York". Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup. Center for Postsecondary Education. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
    176. ISBN 978-0-226-28820-8
      .
    177. ^ "Columbia To Go" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
    178. ^ Paez, Danny (January 29, 2019). "Incredible New Brain-Computer Interface Can Translate Thoughts Into Speech". Inverse. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    179. ^ "Artificial intelligence translates thoughts directly into speech in scientific first". The Independent. January 29, 2019. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    180. ^ "Columbia Researchers Developed Technology That Can Translate Brain Activity Into Words". Fortune.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
    181. ^ Herper, Matthew (July 26, 2001). "Biotech's Glowing Breakthrough". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
    182. ^ a b "New Inventions / New Discoveries" (PDF). Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
    183. ^ a b "Science and Technology Ventures – Success Stories". Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
    184. ^ Reedy, Katie (November 28, 2006). "Patents Bring in the Cash to Columbia". Columbia Spectator. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
    185. ^ "U.S. Military Veterans". Gs.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
    186. ^ "About – Teachers College, Columbia University". Tc.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
    187. ^ Topping, Seymour (2008). "History of The Pulitzer Prizes". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2011. Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler.
    188. ^ "The Bancroft Prizes". Columbia University Libraries. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
    189. ^ "Prizes". Columbia Journalism School. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
    190. ^ "The Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize". Columbia University Irving Medical Center. June 14, 2018. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
    191. ^ "40th Annual W. Alden Spencer Lecture and Award". zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu. August 1, 2018. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
    192. ^ "The Vetlesen Prize". Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
    193. ^ "Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture". Donald Keene Center of Japanese Culture. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
    194. ^ "Edwin Howard Armstrong Memorial Award. Columbia University Electrical Engineering Department. | Scholars@Duke". scholars.duke.edu. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
    195. ^ "ASPPH | Columbia Calling for Nominees: The Frank A. Calderone Prize in Public Health — Deadline June 30". www.aspph.org. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
    196. ^ "Columbia Receives Trust to Aid Music". The New York Times. May 16, 1940. p. 31. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
    197. ^ "College Scorecard: Columbia University". United States Department of Education. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
    198. ^ Columbia University (January 12, 2021). "Headcount Enrollment by School, Race/Ethnicity, and Citizenship, Fall 2020" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
    199. ^ "Facts and Figures | Columbia Financial Aid and Educational Financing". Cc-seas.financialaid.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
    200. ^ "Quick Fact: First Generation | Columbia Undergraduate Admissions". undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
    201. ^ "Housing and Dining". Columbia University Office of Student Affairs. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    202. ^ Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life Archived April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
    203. ^ "The Alpha Delta Phi Society: About Us". Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    204. ^ "Fraternity and Sorority Life at Columbia". Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    205. ^ "Columbia Daily Spectator". Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    206. ^ "Blue & White". Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    207. ^ "Bwog". Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
    208. ^ "The Current: a journal of contemporary politics, culture, and Jewish affairs at Columbia University". The Current. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
    209. ^ "Columbia Political Review". Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
    210. ^ "AdHoc". Archived from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    211. ^ "The Columbia Review". Archived from the original on August 4, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    212. ^ "About". October 8, 2014. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
    213. ^ "About Quarto". Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
    214. ^ "4x4 About". Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
    215. ^ "Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism". Archived from the original on October 9, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
    216. ^ "The Mobius Strip". Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    217. ^ "Inside New York". Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
    218. ^ "Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal". cusj.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
    219. ^ "Journal of Politics & Society". Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    220. ^ "Publius: About". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    221. ^ "East Asia Review: About Us". East Asia Review. Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    222. ^ "The Birch". Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    223. ^ "History and Vision". Columbia Science Review. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    224. ^ "The Fed". Archived from the original on August 4, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    225. ^ "Jester of Columbia". Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    226. ^ "The Columbian". Columbia University. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    227. ^ "The Gadfly: About". The Gadlfy. Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    228. ^ "The Rhapsody". Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    229. ^ "Current Musicology". Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    230. ^ "The Journal of Philosophy". Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    231. ^ "About Us: Mission Statement". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    232. JSTOR 41209618
      .
    233. ^ Coleman, Alexander (June 30, 1968). "Rev. of The Columbia University Forum Anthology". The New York Times. p. 87.
    234. ^ ""The Original FM": The Columbia University Radio Club". Columbia University. 2009. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
    235. ^ "CTV News". Archived from the original on November 4, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    236. ^ "CTV". Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    237. ^ "History". Philolexian Society. February 1, 2010. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    238. ^ Jaynes, Gregory (December 5, 1987). "No, Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst Verse". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    239. ^ "Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team". Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    240. ^ "CIRCA – About". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    241. ^ Kathleen, Mary (June 7, 2010). "Mecca on the Hudson?". The Deal. Archived from the original on September 8, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
    242. ^ Jon Swartz (September 17, 2013). "Square's Jack Dorsey goes recruiting in NYC". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 3, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
    243. ^ Cormier, Amanda (October 7, 2010). "Columbia's Web 3.0". The Eye. Archived from the original on November 2, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
    244. ^ "Engaged Entrepreneurship". Columbia University. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    245. ^ Kuchment, Anna (June 28, 2010). "Columbia Joins NYC Media Lab". The Record. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
    246. ^ "Athletics". Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    247. ^ Carft, Julie (July 29, 1989). "Image is Heavy Burden – Weightlifter Karyn Marshall Feels Pressure to Project 'Femininity, Intelligence'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
    248. ^ Lidz, Franz (March 21, 1988). "A Lift For Wall Street". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
    249. ^ Baker Field: Birthplace of Sports Television Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Columbia University.
    250. ^ "20th-Century Greats". Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    251. ^ "Columbia Athletics Highlight". Columbia University. 2004. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    252. ^ Losing streak Archived January 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Wikicu.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.
    253. ^ "Football Hosts Columbia in Liberty Cup Game on Saturday". Fordham University Athletics. September 17, 2015. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
    254. ^ "About the World Leaders Forum". Worldleaders.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
    255. ^ "Participants | Columbia University World Leaders Forum". Worldleaders.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on September 17, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
    256. ^ "Columbia University Orchestra". Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
    257. ^ "Notes and Keys Launched". Columbia Daily Spectator. February 26, 1909. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
    258. ^ "CUPAL: Member Organizations". Columbia University of Performing Arts. Archived from the original on December 28, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    259. ^ "About Us". Columbia Queer Alliance. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    260. ISBN 978-0-415-93336-0
      .
    261. ^ "Columbia University Hamilton Society: About". Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    262. ^ "Community Impact". Columbia University. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
    263. ^ Sedgwick, John (October 9, 2015). "Inside the Legal Intrigue at Columbia's Elite, Secret Campus Society". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
    264. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
      from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
    265. ^ a b Vinciguerra, Thomas J. "Sing a Song of Morningside". thevarsityshow.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
    266. ISBN 978-1-5381-6894-3. Archived
      from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
    267. ^ Jason Hollander. "Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting Ceremony". Columbia University News. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
    268. ^ Hollander, Jason (December 3, 1999). "Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting Ceremony". Columbia News. Archived from the original on May 5, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    269. ^ "The Presidents of the United States – Biographical Sketches". US National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
    270. ^ a b "Columbia Arts Alumni". Columbia University. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
    271. ^ "Members By Parent Institution". National Academy of Engineering. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
    272. ^ "The Universities Churning Out The Most Billionaires". Forbes. November 29, 2016. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
    273. ^ Marie Thibault. "In Pictures: Billionaire University". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
    274. ^ "Columbia News Announcement". Columbia.edu. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    275. ^ "Tribute: The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff". American Civil Liberties Union. March 7, 2006. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    276. ISBN 978-0-7868-6843-8
      .
    277. ISBN 978-0-7382-0275-4
      .
    278. ^ Tucker-Hamilton, Racine; Hickey, Matthew (December 17, 2004). "Interview with Eric H. Holder, Jr". Oral history project. The History Makers. Archived from the original (Interview) on December 21, 2008. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
    279. ^ "Alumnus, Author of Indian Constitution Honored". www.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on August 25, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
    280. ^ "Letters To The Editor; The Interesting Career Of John Jacob Astor Ii. A Man Of Broad And Generous Sympathies Who Appreciated The Responsibilities Of Wealth". The New York Times. August 24, 1890. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
    281. ^ Reynolds, Cuyler (1914). Genealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River Valley. Lewis Historical Pub. Co. p. 1263. Retrieved April 16, 2011. William Waldorf Astor columbia law school.
    282. ^ "World's Billionaires: Warren Buffett". Forbes. March 1, 2011. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
    283. ISBN 978-1-57356-108-2
      .
    284. ^ Serwer, Andy (November 15, 2004). "The Waltons: Inside America's Richest Family". Fortune.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
    285. ^ "Bain to Manage Harvard Endowment's $3.4 Billion of Real Estate". Bloomberg.com. December 15, 2017. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
    286. ^ "Columbia College awards highest honor to Jonathan S. Lavine, CC '88 – Columbia Daily Spectator". Columbiaspectator.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
    287. ^ "Tom Glocer – Thomson Reuters". July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    288. ^ Lee, Edmund (December 2, 2011). "Thomson Reuters CEO Glocer Steps Down as Smith Takes Over". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    289. ^ Kramer, Farrell (December 6, 2021). "New NYSE President Lynn Martin Brings Tech Background to the Big Board". New York Stock Exchange. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
    290. ^ "Executive outflow may hit AllianceBernstein". Pensions & Investments. March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    291. ^ The Age (2009). Melbourne-raised Gorman new chief of Morgan Stanley Archived January 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
    292. ^ "Robert J. Stevens". Lockheed Martin. Archived from the original on May 3, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    293. ^ "Business Profile: Philippe P. Dauman". Bloomberg Business. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    294. ^ "At CES, Viacom CEO Bob Bakish Highlights Transformation and Opportunities". ViacomCBS. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
    295. ^ "ViacomCBS | 2021 Fortune 500". Fortune. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
    296. ^ "Xerox's next CEO: Ursula Burns". Fortune. May 22, 2009. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    297. ^ "Secrets of their success: Fortune 500 CEOs discuss Union, influences and dealing with setbacks". Union College. May 11, 2019. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
    298. ^ "Office of the Secretary of The University". Columbia University. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
    299. ^ "New Jersey Companies, Education & Workforce Profile | Choose NJ". Choose New Jersey, Inc. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    300. ^ "Ralph Izzo, chairman of the board, President & CEO". corporate.pseg.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    301. ^ "Here Are The 31 Powerful CEOs On The Fortune 500 With MBA Degrees". CEOWORLD magazine. August 9, 2019. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
    302. ^ Wacker, Menachem (June 26, 2012). "Where the Fortune 500 CEOs Went to Law School". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
    303. ISBN 978-0-674-62733-8. Archived
      from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
    304. ^ "Herman Hollerith". IBM. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    305. ^ Tsividis, Yannis (Spring 2002). "Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves". Columbia Magazine. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
    306. ISBN 978-1-57488-704-4
      .
    307. ^ Richmond Ezer Escolar (June 11, 2008). "Google Conquers China: An Interview with Kai-Fu Lee". Columbia Business School Chazen Web Journal. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
    308. ^ Green, Michelle (1986). "Stephen Jay Gould: driven by a hunger to learn and to write". Archived October 3, 2018, at the Wayback Machine People 25 (June 2): 109–114.
    309. ^ David Goodstein. "In the Case of Robert Andrews Millikan" (PDF). American Scientist: 54–60. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2001.
    310. ^ "Michael Pupin". Columbia University: Department of Physics. Archived from the original on January 9, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    311. ^ "William Barclay Parsons". Columbia University. Archived from the original on March 25, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    312. ^ "Irwin Edman". Columbia University. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    313. ^ Ryan, Alan (January 30, 2001). "Obituary: Professor Robert Nozick". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    314. ^ "Columbia University 250: Milton Friedman". Archived from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    315. ISBN 978-0-415-92039-1
      .
    316. ^ "Local Express 10 December 1936 — Princeton Periodicals". theprince.princeton.edu. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
    317. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (August 24, 1994). "Rose L. Coser, 78; Taught Sociology At Stony Brook". The New York Times.
    318. ^ Vromen, Suzanne. "Rose Laub Coser". Jwa.org.
    319. ISBN 0-306-81134-0
    320. ISBN 978-0-313-34140-3
      .
    321. ^ Hughson Mooney, "Lorenz Hart" Archived September 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, PBS, Excerpted from the DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, SUPPLEMENT 3: 1941–1945. American Council of Learned Societies, 1973. Reprinted by permission of the American Council of Learned Societies, retrieved April 18, 2011
    322. Gannett News Service
      .
    323. ^ "Georgia O'Keeffe". c250.columbia.edu. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
    324. ^ Literature Resource Center: "The Beat Generation". Retrieved November 13, 2013.
    325. ^ "Columbia University 250: Langston Hughes". Columbia University. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    326. ^ "Zora Neale Hurston". www.c250.columbia.edu. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
    327. ^ "Columbia University 250: Isaac Asimov". Columbia University. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    328. ISBN 978-1-58063-080-1
      .
    329. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "Upton Sinclair". Retrieved April 15, 2011.
    330. ^ "Ursula K. Le Guin — Biography". Ursula K. Le Guin. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
    331. ^ "Award winning writer Danielle Evans featured in Southeastern's 'Common Read' program". Southeastern Louisiana University. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    332. ISBN 978-0-345-37796-8
      .
    333. ^ Barnes, Brooks (October 3, 1940). "William L. Stoddart, A Hotel Architect (Obituary)". The New York Times. p. 25. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
    334. ^ "Film Obituaries; Sidney Lumet". The Daily Telegraph. London. April 9, 2011. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    335. ^ "School of the Arts Alumna Kathryn Bigelow Wins Major British Film Award". Columbia University. February 22, 2010. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
    336. ^ Gussow, Mel (August 18, 1995). "Howard Koch, a Screenwriter For 'Casablanca,' Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    337. ^ Flint, Peter (February 6, 1993). "Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Literate Skeptic of the Cinema, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
    338. ISSN 0362-4331
      . Retrieved August 28, 2023.
    339. ^ Sandra Brennan (2012). "Ed Harris: Full Biography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
    340. ^ "Search Results - Columbia University". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    341. ^ "Member Directory - Columbia University". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    342. ^ "Directory". National Academy of Medicine. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    343. ^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Search Results | NSF – National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
    344. ^ "Members Directory". NAE Website. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
    345. ^ "Brain Trust | United States history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    346. ^ "CHAPTER 35 – The Statistical Research Group of World War II – The Flaw of Averages: Why We Underestimate Risk in the Face of Uncertainty [Book]". www.oreilly.com. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    347. ^ "Columbia University". www.manhattanprojectvoices.org. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
    348. ^ "Frankfurt School | History, Features, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
    349. ^ Corradetti, Claudio. "Frankfurt School and Critical Theory | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved July 10, 2021.
    350. ^ Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West, New York & London: Routledge, 1990.
    351. ^ Paulson, Steve (July 29, 2016). "Critical Intimacy: An Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak". Los Angeles Review of Books. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
    352. ^ "Hamid Dabashi". MESAAS. September 28, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
    353. ^ "Joseph Massad". MESAAS. September 28, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
    354. ^ "What Is Critical Race Theory, and Why Is Everyone Talking About It?". Columbia News. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
    355. ^ "In Memoriam: Dr. James Hal Cone". Union Theological Seminary. April 28, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
    356. ^ "Cornel West". Union Theological Seminary. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
    357. ^ "In Memoriam: The Rev. Dr. Katie Geneva Cannon". Union Theological Seminary. September 15, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
    358. ^ "Emilie Townes named dean of Vanderbilt Divinity School". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
    359. ^ "Faculty Emeriti/ae". Union Theological Seminary. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
    360. ISBN 978-0-7914-9202-4
      .
    361. ^ ""How Radical Change Occurs: An Interview With Historian Eric Foner" by Mike Konczal, February 3, 2015". Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
    362. ISBN 978-0-8131-4225-8
      . Retrieved August 3, 2017.
    363. ^ Tax, Sol (December 18, 2021). "Franz Boas". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
    364. ISBN 0-13-111447-6
      .

    Further reading

    External links

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Columbia University.
    Scholia has an organization profile for Columbia University.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&oldid=1220858439"