Giovanni Aurispa

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Giovanni Aurispa, as portrayed on a bronze medal.

Giovanni Aurispa Piciunerio (or Piciuneri) (June/July 1376–c. 25 May 1459)[1] was an Italian historian[2] and savant of the 15th century. He is remembered in particular as a promoter of the revival of the study of Greek in Italy. It is to Aurispa that the world is indebted for preserving the greater part of our knowledge of the Greek classics.[3]

Life

Aurispa was born at

Niccolo Niccoli in 1417.[4] He returned to Italy in 1414, setting in Savona, where he supported himself by teaching Greek and by selling the works he had collected in Greece.[1]

In 1418, Aurispa visited

papal court, which was then in residence in that city. He moved to Rome the following year when the court transferred there. It was there that he taught one of his most famous students, Lorenzo Valla, later himself a noted classical scholar.[1]

In 1421 Aurispa was sent by

Manuel Paleologos. After their arrival, he gained the favor of the emperor's son and successor, John VIII Palaiologos, who took him on as his own secretary. Two years later, he accompanied his Byzantine employer on a mission to the courts of Europe. He traveled with this mission as far as Venice, where he left the imperial service.[1]

On 15 December 1423 Aurispa arrived in Venice with the largest and finest collection of Greek texts to reach the west prior to those brought by

Dio Cassius, Diodorus Siculus, and Arrian. Most of the works were hitherto unknown in the West.[5]

Further items included the oldest manuscript of Athenaeus; a 10th-century codex containing seven plays by Sophocles and six by Aeschylus—the only manuscript in the world of these, plus the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes;[6] the Iliad, works by Demosthenes, and many more.[7] A work by Herodotus was also among the collection; also the Geography of Strabo. The texts are all listed in the letter to Traversari.[8]

The only

Gregory Nazianzen
. In a letter to Traversari, he explained:

I have not brought any sacred volumes from Greece except the letters of Gregory, which are, I believe, 200. This book is in faultless condition, and all the pages can be read, but its beauty is hardly such as to invite the reluctant reader. Long ago I sent from Constantinople to Sicily a good number of very choice sacred volumes, for I admit frankly that they were less precious to me, and a number of malicious persons often brought charges to the Greek emperor, accusing me of pillaging the city of sacred books. With regard to the heathen books, it seemed to them not such a great crime.[4]

Back in Venice, Aurispa is said to have been obliged to pawn his treasures for 50 gold florins to provide for the shipping costs. Traversari wrote to Lorenzo de' Medici on his behalf, who made a loan to Aurispa to redeem the manuscripts. Traversari also arranged to exchange Niccolo's transcriptions of newly discovered texts by Cicero for Aurispa's transcriptions of Aristotle's Rhetoric and Eudemian Ethics.

In 1424 Aurispa went to Bologna, where he became professor of Greek at the university, but this was not a success. At the urging of Traversari, from 1425 to 1427 he held the prestigious Chair of Greek studies in Florence. This ensured that his collection was copied widely among the humanists.

Quarrels at Florence led Aurispa to leave Florence in late 1427 or early 1428 and to move to

Panormita to move there, but he declined.[5]

By 1430 Aurispa had managed to recover a bundle of his manuscripts from Sicily. These included a volume of lives of the saints, including one of St.

codices.[1]

In 1438, when the Council was transferred to Ferrara, Aurispa attracted the attention of Pope Eugene IV, who appointed him an Apostolic Secretary, and so he moved to Rome. He held a similar position under Pope Nicholas V, who bestowed two lucrative commendatory abbacies on him. He seems also to have been made a papal poet laureate.[9]

Aurispa returned to Ferrara in 1450 and died there in 1459, at the age of 83.

Legacy

Considering his long life and reputation, Aurispa produced little:

Dio Cassius (not published until 1510); and, according to Gesner, a translation of the works of Archimedes.[10]

Aurispa's reputation rests upon the extensive collection of manuscripts copied and distributed by him, and his persistent efforts to revive and promote the study of ancient literature.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Bigi, Emilio (1962). Aurispa, Giovanni (in Italian). Vol. 4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. ^ "Giovanni Aurispa".
  3. ^ a b Adler, Elmer; Winterich, John Tracy, eds. (1948). The New Colophon: A Book Collector's Quarterly. Vol. 2. pp. 333–334. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0873953047
    .
  5. ^ a b The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of useful Knowledge. Vol. 4. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 1844. p. 211.
  6. ^ This is the famous manuscript Laurentianus 32.9.
  7. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Giovanni Aurispa" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  8. ^ William Roscoe, The Life of Lorenzo De'Medici, Called the Magnificent, p.31; Epistulis Amb. Trav. lib. xxiv, Ep. 53
  9. ^ John L. Flood (2006), Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook, Walter de Gruyter, vol. 4, pp. 2333–2334.
  10. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aurispa, Giovanni". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 926.

External links

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