Grandee
Grandee (
With the exception of
According to the 1876 Constitution, fully in force until 1923, Grandees of Spain could also be senators por derecho propio ("in their own right"), alongside archbishops and top military ranks.[5]
As of 2018, Grandeeships totalled 417 out of the 2,942 extant titles in Spain (approximately 14%) of which there were 153 Dukedoms, 142 Marquessates, 108 Countships, 2 Viscountcies, 2 Baronies, 3 Lordships and 7 hereditary Grandees with no title attached to the Grandeeship.
Outside Spain, the term can refer to other people of a somewhat comparable, exalted position, roughly synonymous with
Origins and privileges
Most Spanish noble titles are granted as títulos del Reino (Peer of the realm), many of which predate the modern Spanish monarchy. The
The dignity of Grandee (Grand noble) began to be assumed by
In the late 1470s,
Subsequently, the Grandes de España (Grandees of Spain) were subdivided into three grades:[14]
- those who spoke to the King and received his reply in full regalia;
- those who addressed the King uncovered, but by right wore their coronets to hear his answer;
- those who required permission from the King before wearing their coronets.[14]
All grandees traditionally have been addressed by the king as mi Primo (my cousin), whereas ordinary nobles are formally styled as mi Pariente (my kinsman). Grandezas could also be bestowed upon foreigners, such as the memorialist
The dignity of grandee was abolished by the Napoleonic King
Nowadays, all grandees are deemed to be "of the first class", and is an honorific dignity conferring neither power or legal privilege. A Grandeza de España (grandeeship) is a separate
A grandee of any noble rank is higher in
Some of the best known Spanish grandees are the dukes of Arcos, of Alba, of Medinaceli, of Villahermosa, of Osuna, del Infantado, of Alburquerque, of Moctezuma, of Frías and of Medina-Sidonia; well-known marquesses include those of Aguilar de Campoo, of Astorga, of Santillana, and of los Vélez; the counts of Benavente, of Lerín, Olivares, Oñate, and Lemos also hold grandeeships.
Grandees and their consorts are entitled to the
Portugal and Brazil
Both
) Grandes do Império ("Grandees of the Empire", or literally translated as "Great Ones of the Empire"). Viscounts and barons could also be ennobled with or without grandeza ("grandeeship", alternatively "greatness").Viscounts ennobled with grandeeship displayed a Count's coronet on their coat of arms, and Barons ennobled with grandeeship bore a coat of arms surmounted by a Viscount's coronet.
The order of precedence in Brazilian nobility was as follows: after the members of the Imperial Family, dukes, marquises, counts, viscounts with grandeeship, viscounts without grandeeship, barons with grandeeship, barons without grandeeship. Brazilian grandeeships, like its nobility, were not hereditary titles.
Grandees were allowed to keep their heads covered in the presence of the
Grandee (New Model Army)
During the English Civil War, senior military officers from the landed gentry serving in the New Model Army, opposing the Levellers, came to be informally termed Grandees.[20]
After the defeat of
See also
References
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica: Grandee
- ^ Santa Cruz y Mallen, Francisco Javier: Origen y transformación de la Grandeza de España (1946)
- ^ Salazar y Acha, Jaime de, Los grandes de España (siglos XV-XXI), Ediciones Hidalguía (Madrid, 2012), p. 474
- ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) - 12 November 1987
- ^ "Parlamentarios por Murcia: Dos siglos al servicio de una Región". Assembly of Murcia.
- ^ "Diputación permanente y consejo de la grandeza de España: Title Guide". If one inputs the value grandeza de España in the GRANDEZA section of the title guide, it will return 417 results. If one further inputs Marques de, Conde de, Vizconde de, Baron de and Señor de it will return 142, 108, 2, 2 and 3 respectively. Furthermore, if one inputs Grande de España in the TITLE section, it will return 7 results, that is, the 7 Grandees without titles.
- ^ Bayón, Félix (28 May 1984). "Cardenales, ex ministros y grandes de España, privados del pasaporte diplomático" [Cardinals, ex-ministers and Grandees of Spain, deprived of Diplomatic Passports]. El País (in Spanish).
- ISBN 9788477371649.
- ^ Hughes, David (12 August 2009). "Another Tory grandee quits the Commons". The Independent.
- ^ "'Young' Bercow mocks Tory grandee". BBC News Online. 22 June 2009.
- ^ Elenco de Grandezas y Títulos Nobiliarios Españoles. Real Asociación de Hidalgos de España. pp. 1–5.
- ISBN 9788499834023.
- ^ Titles of Honor, ed. 1672, p. 478
- ^ a b c d Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 349.
- ^ de Mestas 1963, pp. 155–156.
- ^ de Mestas 1963, pp. 156.
- ^ de Mestas 1963, p. 175.
- ^ "Spanish Royal Decree 1368/1987: Regulation of Titles, Styles and Honors of the Royal Family". Boletín Oficial del Estado. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
- ^ "Grandee definition and meaning". Collins Dictionary.
- OEDfirst cites this specific usage as "1648–9 C. WALKER Relat. & Observ. 1 The said Leading men or Grandees (for that is now Parliament language) First divided themselves into two factions."
- ^ David Plant The Levellers on the website of the British Civil Wars and Commonwealth
Bibliography
- de Mestas, Alberto (1963). de Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente (ed.). "Las Grandezas de España otorgadas a franceses". Hidalguía. 11 (57). Instituto Salazar y Castro: 155–192.