Guilhem Figueira
Guillem or Guilhem Figueira or Figera was a
The son of a tailor and a tailor by trade, as a result of the Albigensian Crusade, he was exiled from his homeland and took refuge in Lombardy, where he eventually made his way to Frederick's court.[2] In Italy he and Aimery, a fellow exile, helped to found a troubadour tradition of lamentation for the "good old days" of pre-Crusade Languedoc.[2] The exiles' native Lombard successors continued to employ the Occitan language, however, and it was not until the time of Dante Alighieri that Italian got a significant vernacular literature of its own.[2]
In 1228, Guilhem denied the efficacy of the
Guilhem attacked the papacy not only for the Albigensian Crusade and the
Guilhem fled to Italy in 1229 or 1230. In Italy, Guilhem was free to criticise the
Among Guilhem's other surviving works are the sirventes Nom laissarai per paor (post-1216), which criticises the Church's false preaching, and Del preveire maior, which urges the pope and emperor to make peace and send a force to save the Holy Land from the Khwarezmians who had taken Jerusalem (1244).[13]
Excerpt from the sirventes contra Roma
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Notes
- ^ a b Graham-Leigh, 30.
- ^ a b c Graham-Leigh, 32.
- ^ Throop, 392.
- ^ a b c Throop, 383.
- ^ Siberry, 7.
- ^ Siberry, 9.
- ^ Graham-Leigh, 33.
- ^ Graham-Leigh, 36.
- ^ Siberry, 8.
- ^ Throop, 388 n3. Siberry, 7, says his statements "resemble" those made by heretics.
- ^ Throop, 398.
- ^ Siberry, 65. The first line ("All men who star well and finish well") indicates that Guilhem emphasised that Frederick's good intentions must lead to an actual Crusade.
- ^ Siberry, 163, 180–181.
- ^ Throop, 384 and n1.
- ^ Throop, 384 and n2.
Bibliography
- Graham-Leigh, Elaine. The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005. ISBN 1-84383-129-5.
- Siberry, Elizabeth. Criticism of Crusading, 1095–1274. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. ISBN 0-19-821953-9.
- Throop, Palmer A. "Criticism of Papal Crusade Policy in Old French and Provençal." Speculum, Vol. 13, No. 4. (Oct., 1938), pp 379–412.