Hamzat Bek

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Hamzat Bek
Imam of Dagestan
Reign1832–1834
PredecessorGhazi Muhammad
SuccessorShamil
BornHamzat-Bek ibn Ali Iskandar-Bek al-Hutsali al-Awari al-Daghistani
1789
Gotsatl, Avar Khanate, Dagestan
Died1 October [O.S. 19 September] 1834 (aged 44–45)
Khunzakh, Dagestan
ReligionIslam

Hamzat Bek (also Hamza, or Gamzat from the Russian rendering;

Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya Sufi order. He became one of Ghazi Muhammad's commanders and was immediately proclaimed the imam's successor after his death in battle in October 1832. By early 1834, he had subjugated most of the Avar plateau and captured Khunzakh, the capital of the Avar Khanate, killing its ruling family. After this, Hamzat Bek may have claimed the title of Avar khan, trying to combine the authority of the traditional Avar nobility with the Islamic authority of his movement. In October 1834, he was assassinated by Hajji Uthman, a relative of the Avar ruling family and the brother of Hajji Murad
.

Early life

Hamzat Bek was born in 1789 in the large village of Hutsal or

Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya Sufi order, of which Ghazi Muhammad and the third imam Shamil were members.[1][b]

Under Ghazi Muhammad

In late 1829–early 1830, Ghazi Muhammad was proclaimed

Tiflis. He gave his son as a hostage to secure his own release. He rejoined Ghazi Muhammad after learning that his son had died in captivity.[1] Hamzat Bek was wounded in battle in early July 1832, but he went on to campaign in Jar-Balakan in July–August that year. He was in his home village at the start of the Battle of Gimry. He rushed to assist Ghazi Muhammad's forces, but he did not arrive in time.[2] Ghazi Muhammad was killed at the Battle of Gimry on 29 October 1832.[4]

Election and reign as imam

A copy of the banner used by Hamzat Bek (National Museum of the Republic of Dagestan)

After the death of Ghazi Muhammad, Hamzat Bek was proclaimed imam by the Dagestani ulama and notables. This was done at the initiative of Muhammad al-Yaraghi, a Naqshbandi sheikh who supported Ghazi Muhammad's jihad[5] (alternatively, Michael Kemper writes that Hamzat Bek "had himself proclaimed the new imām").[1] According to some sources, the choice for a new imam was between Hamzat Bek and Shamil, but Hamzat Bek was chosen since Shamil was still recovering from wounds received at the Battle of Gimry and Hamzat, as a wealthy janka, had more means to win over supporters.[6]

Many of Ghazi Muhammad's followers had abandoned the movement shortly before or after his death, and few local elites initially accepted Hamzat Bek's authority.

Temir-Khan-Shura, but he was distrustful of the Russians since his earlier imprisonment and preferred to send letters. In one of these letters, he proposed peace with Russia as long as they would not interfere with the enforcement of sharia. When this was unsuccessful, he turned to the shamkhal—the ruler of a Kumyk principality based in Tarki—to mediate. Hamzat Bek did not know that the shamkhal himself had been urging the Russians to attack the imam. These negotiations failed as well and were the last to occur under Hamzat Bek.[8]

In October 1833, Hamzat Bek forced the village of Gergebil to accept his rule, defeating the forces of the shamkhal, the khan of Mehtuli and the confederation of Aqusha which had come to Gergebil's aid.[9] Unlike his predecessor and successor, who relied mainly on the uzden ("free") communities and rarely on the nobility, Hamzat Bek focused on gaining the support of the royal family of the Avar Khanate, with which he had personal connections. The Avar Khanate's de facto ruler Pakhu Bike had sometimes accepted Hamzat Bek's calls to enforce sharia, but she also wanted Russian assistance to preserve the khanate's independence.[1] Additionally, she was pushed by the Russians to oppose Hamzat Bek. In March 1834, Pakhu Bike secretly attempted to organize Hamzat Bek's murder.[9]

By early 1834, Hamzat Bek controlled most of the Avar confederacies around the Avar Khanate, including Koisubu, Gumbet, Andi, and Andalal.[1] In the summer of 1834, he besieged Khunzakh for two weeks. Pakhu Bike gave two of her sons to Hamzat Bek as hostages to secure an agreement. On 25 August [O.S. 13 August], another son of Pakhu Bike came to negotiate with Hamzat Bek, but a fight unintentionally broke out, causing the deaths of Pakhu Bike's sons Nusal and Umma and their men and the imam's brother and some of his followers. Ḥamzat Bek then stormed Khunzakh and ordered the killing of Pakhu Bike and all of the women of the Avar royal family, except for Pakhu Bike's pregnant daughter-in-law.[9] After this, Hamzat Bek may have claimed the title of Avar khan, trying to combine the authority of the traditional nobility with the Islamic authority of his movement.[1]

Hamzat Bek gained as an ally Hajj Tasho, an important leader in Chechnya, which alarmed the Russians. In early September, Hamzat Bek resumed campaigning and unsuccessfully tried to take Tsudakhar in the Aqusha confederation. Still viewing Hamzat Bek as a dangerous enemy, the Russians planned new operations against the imam.[10] Before this could occur, Hamzat Bek was assassinated on 1 October [O.S. 19 September] 1834 in front of the Khunzakh Friday mosque by Hajji Uthman, a relative of the Avar ruling family and the brother of Hajji Murad (the subject of Leo Tolstoy's famous novella).[1] The assassination was an act of revenge for the destruction of the Avar ruling family, as Uthman and Hajji Murad had been "milk brothers" of the khan.[10] Uthman was killed immediately after assassinating Hamzat Bek.[11] Hamzat Bek was succeeded as imam by Shamil.[1] His grave is located in Khunzakh.[12][c]

Legacy and reputation

Both during and after his reign, Hamzat Bek's reputation was tarnished by the massacre of the Avar ruling family. However, Hajji Ali, an eyewitness to the Caucasian War, describes Hamzat Bek as "learned and wise, and no one in Daghestan could rival his gallantry." Moshe Gammer argues that Hamzat Bek's importance has been overlooked in both Dagestani and Russian sources, partly because he is "overshadowed" by the other two imams. Gammer stresses the significance of Hamzat Bek's swift succession after Ghazi Muhammad's death in preserving the jihad movement. He also notes the importance of Hamzat Bek's destruction of the Avar khanate, which allowed the imamate to spread its control over all of central Dagestan and made war with the Russians unavoidable. Gammer also suggests that Hamzat Bek was the originator of the administrative structures of the imamate as a state, which were later developed more under Shamil.[13] For example, Hamzat Bek regularly appointed his deputies (na'ibs) to each region under his control,[14] whereas Ghazi Muhammad only appointed deputies as needed.[15] Because of Hamzat Bek's noble origins and reliance on the nobility, Michael Kemper characterizes his reign as "a brief 'aristocratic' interlude between the charismatic leaders Ghāzī-Muḥammad and Shāmil who stood for the interests of the 'free' Avar communities and relied on noblemen only in certain cases."[1]

Notes

  1. ^ Full name (in Arabic, the literary language of Dagestan at the time): Ḥamzat-Bek (Ḥamza Bīk) ibn ʿAlī Iskandar-Bek al-Hūtsālī al-Awārī al-Dāghistānī[1]
  2. ^ Moshe Gammer writes that Hamzat Bek was in fact a member of the order.[2]
  3. ^ See Lavrov 1968, pp. 100–103 for the Arabic inscription on Hamzat Bek's tombstone.

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kemper 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e Gammer 1994, p. 60.
  3. ^ Gammer 1994, pp. 16, 60.
  4. ^ Gammer 1994, pp. 59.
  5. ^ Gammer 1994, pp. 60–61.
  6. ^ Pokrovsky 2000, p. 223.
  7. ^ King 2008, p. 72.
  8. ^ a b Gammer 1994, p. 61.
  9. ^ a b c Gammer 1994, p. 62.
  10. ^ a b Gammer 1994, p. 63.
  11. ^ Baddeley 1908, p. 288.
  12. ^ Gammer 1994, p. 328, n. 33.
  13. ^ Gammer 1994, pp. 63, 65.
  14. ^ Mukhanov 2006.
  15. ^ Gammer 1994, pp. 225.

Bibliography

Further reading