Heliorhodopsin

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Heliorhodopsin compared with Type 1 and Type 2 rhodopsins. Before the discovery of the Heliorhodopsin, all know rhodopsins were known to have the N terminus outside the cell membrane. The plus signs represent positively charged amino acids.

Heliorhodopsin is a family of rhodopsins discovered in 2018 by Alina Pushkarev in the laboratory of Professor Oded Beja.[1] The new family of heliorhodopsins has a distinct protein sequence from known Type 1 (microbial) and Type 2 (animal) rhodopsins. Heliorhodopsins also exhibit the reverse orientation in the membrane compared with the other rhodopsins, with the N-terminus facing the inside of the cell and the C-terminus outside the cell.[1]

Heliorhodopsins use all-trans

diderms, where there is a proper double membrane around the microorganism. It has been suggested that the function of Heliorhodopsin requires a direct interaction with the environment.[2]

Crystal structure of a monomer of heliorhodopsin from Thermoplasmatales archaeon SG8-52-1, based on [1].

Crystal structures of Heliorhodopsins suggest they form a

extracellular loop facing the outside of the cell.[3][4][5]

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 49330919
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  2. S2CID 58666386
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  3. S2CID 202760270
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  4. doi:10.1101/767665
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  5. PMID 31879417
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