Henri Alexis Brialmont
Henri-Alexis Brialmont | |
---|---|
Born | |
Died | 21 July 1903 | (aged 82)
Nationality | Belgian |
Known for | Contributions to military engineering and fortifications |
Spouse | Justa de Potter |
Henri-Alexis Brialmont (
Today, Brialmont is best known for the fortifications which he designed in Belgium and
Early life
Henri-Alexis Brialmont was born in
Henri-Alexis performed poorly at school but succeeded in getting into a military academy.
Military career
Brialmont graduated from military school in 1843 as a Sous-lieutenant of the Engineers.
During the
Political activities
From his early career, Brialmont advocated expanding the importance of the Belgian army. In 1850, he convinced his father to resign his ministerial post rather than consent to a lowering of defence spending.[2] His stance put him into conflict with Walthère Frère-Orban and the Liberals.[2] From 1855, he began campaigning for restructuring of the defenses of the crucial port city of Antwerp in north-east Belgium.[2] Despite being officially warned off the politically unpopular project, he continued.[3] In the mid 1850s, he published a series of pamphlets arguing for the reorganization and expansion of the tiny Belgian navy, which he believed could be used for imperialist purposes projecting Belgian influence abroad.[5]
Although King Leopold I was deeply opposed to Brialmont's plans, his son Leopold, Duke of Brabant (the future King Leopold II) was impressed by his ideas and the two corresponded frequently.[5] Brialmont felt that colonial expansion was essential to make Belgium a world power, and was an energetic supporter of Leopold II's Congo Free State, which he even helped to found, from the 1880s.[5] Nevertheless, Brialmont refused the offer of becoming Leopold II's aide-de-camp.[4]
In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, Brialmont became an advocate for the abolition of the Remplacement system of conscription and the adoption of a form of universal military service.[6]
Political and historical writings
Brialmont was an energetic writer on military and political subjects. In 1851, he published his first major work, entitled Considérations politiques et militaires sur la Belgique, which was well received.[3] He wrote a number of books on fortifications including La Fortification du temps présent (1885), Influence du tir plongeant et des obus-torpilles sur la fortification (1888), Les Régions fortifiées (1890), La Défense des états et la fortification à la fin du XIXe siècle (1895) and Progrès de la défense des états et de la fortification permanente depuis Vauban (1898).[7] In 1872, he created the newspaper La Belgique Militaire. He also wrote a number of historical works, including an account of the campaigns of the Duke of Wellington.[3]
Fortress design
As a result of Brialmont's lobbying, Belgium undertook an ambitious programme of fortress design between 1887 and 1892.
Brialmont believed that, in order to protect cities from long-range artillery, it was important to move fortifications several miles outside the city itself. On average the forts he constructed were situated 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) outside the settlement they were intended to defend.
In order to guarantee effective protection, a number of forts distributed around the city's perimeter were required. Using new materials, many of these newer fortifications were built of concrete and incorporated retractable gun cupolas, often based along triangular or trapezoid plans.[9] Because of the need to use specialist workers, the construction process was slow and expensive.[10] He was also an early supporter of using wire entanglements for defensive purposes.[11] In an 1879 pamphlet, he advocated the use of wire barricades against infantry assaults.[11]
The Brialmont forts would be used for the first time after Brialmont's death during the German invasion of Belgium in 1914. The system of fortifications established by Brialmont was at the heart of the ultimately unsuccessful Belgian defensive strategy and led to decisive battles at major fortified regions, including the Battles of Liège, Namur and Antwerp between August and October 1914. Ultimately the fortifications proved ineffective against new, large caliber German siege artillery such as the 420 millimetres (17 in) "Big Bertha" and Austrian 305 millimetres (12.0 in) Model 1911 howitzers.
After the end of the First World War, some of the forts were upgraded and also saw service in the
Romania
In 1882, Brialmont was commissioned by King Carol I of Romania to design a series of fortifications to protect the new Kingdom of Romania (which received its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877) against invasion and to enhance the status of its new capital, Bucharest.[6][12] Brialmont was refused permission by the Belgian government to visit Romania in his official capacity and instead went to Romania as a private citizen.[13] Work on the ring of 18 forts around Bucharest began in 1883 and lasted until 1900.[12] On his return he was accused by Frère-Orban of having endangered Belgian neutrality.[13]
While the Bucharest fortifications never served their intended defensive purpose, they were a major influence on the subsequent development and urban planning of the city.[12] The routes constructed to link the forts served as the basis for the modern Bucharest ring-road.
Influence
Captain-Commandant Émile Wangermée, one of Brialmont's pupils, was instrumental in the design of the Fort de Shinkakasa (built 1891–94) at Boma in the Congo Free State. The fort, based on those designed by Brialmont at the Meuse, was designed to house coastal artillery to protect the Congo River, the main artery in Leopold II's personal colony, against Portuguese encroachment. The fort was the site of a significant mutiny in 1900.
References
- ^ a b Mayer 1929, p. 177.
- ^ a b c d e f Mayer 1929, p. 178.
- ^ a b c d e f Mayer 1929, p. 179.
- ^ a b Mayer 1929, p. 181.
- ^ a b c Mayer 1929, p. 180.
- ^ a b Mayer 1929, p. 182.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 515.
- ^ a b Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2014, p. 87.
- ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2014, pp. 86–7.
- ^ Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2014, p. 7.
- ^ a b Netz 2009, p. 92.
- ^ a b c Machedon & Scoffham 1999, p. 82.
- ^ a b Mayer 1929, p. 183.
Sources
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 515.
- Coetzee, Daniel; Eysturlid, Lee W., eds. (2013). Philosophers of War: the Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers. Vol. 1. S.l.: Praeger Pub Text. ISBN 978-0275989774.
- Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2014). The Forts and Fortifications of Europe 1815-1945: The Neutral States: Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1783463923.
- Machedon, Luminiţa; Scoffham, Ernie (1999). Romanian Modernism: The Architecture of Bucharest, 1920-1940. Cambridge: MIT. ISBN 0-262-13348-2.
- Mayer, Émile (1929). "Brialmont". Revue d'histoire moderne. 2 (9): 177–90. .
- Netz, Reviel (2009). Barbed Wire: an Ecology of Modernity. S.l.: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0819569592.
- Verbeke, H. (1964). "Brialmont, Henri Alexis". Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek. Vol. 1. Brussels: Koninklijke Vlaamse Academiën van België., col. 267-70.
Further reading
- P. CROKAERT, Brialmont (contenant les mémoires du général).
- P. CROKAERT, Un Précurseur: le général Brialmont.
- L. CHÔMÉ, "Brialmont poète", La Belgique Artistique et Littéraire, September 1906.
- Général WAUWERMANS, "Le lieutenant général Brialmont", La Belgique militaire.
- Louis LECONTE, "Coup d'oeil sur la marine de guerre belge, 1830-1912", Bulletin de la Presse et de Bibliographie militaire
- Louis LECONTE, "Henri-Alexis Brialmont", Biographie nationale de Belgique, vol. 30, Brussels, 1958, col. 212-230.