Heteronema

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Heteronema
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Euglenozoa
Class: Euglenida
Clade: Anisonemia
Genus: Heteronema
Dujardin, 1841

Heteronema is a genus of

euglenoids that are most widely distributed in fresh water environments.[1] This genus consists of two very distinguishable morphogroups that are phylogenetically closely related.[1][2][3] These morphogroups are deciphered based on shape, locomotion and other ultrastructural traits. However, this genus does impose taxonomic problems due to the varying historical descriptions of Heteronema species and its similarity to the genus Paranema.[1] The species H. exaratum, was the first heteronemid with a skidding motion to be sequenced, which led to the discovery that it was not closely related to H. scaphrum, contrary to what was previously assumed, but instead to a sister group of primary osmotrophs.[2] This suggests that skidding heteronemids can also be distinguished phylogenetically, being more closely related to Anisoma, Dinema and Aphageae, than to other species within Heteronema.[2]

Taxonomy

This genus was first described by Félix Dujardin, a French zoologist in 1841 as having variable shape, then typified in 1970 by Bourelly as an Anisonema.[4] In 1970, Stein modified the description to include cells with two flagella and two new species’ descriptions with one containing ingestion rods.[1] There was difficulty separating this genus from Paranema; however, in 1967 Leedale described Parenema to be different based on a more flattened morphology and a trailing flagellum pressed to the side of the cell compared to Heteronema.[1]

The genus appears to be

Anisonemida. A 2021 review of Euglenozoa left it unplaced as to family and order within the clade Spirocuta, and considered that many of its species should be transferred to Teloprocta, which is placed in Peranemida.[5]

List of species

As of May 2023[update], AlgaeBase recognized the following species:[6]

Description

This genus consists of diverse, colourless euglenoids that range in size from 8-75um.[1][2] Individuals are assigned to this genus if they have characteristic such as an ingestion apparatus, a capacity for flagellar movement and a recurrent flagellum that is not adpressed to the ventral side of the cell.[1][7] The cells are covered with a large number of proteinaceous

metaboly, giving the cell flexibility and movement.[2] Heteronema, under the light microscope, is morphologically similar to Paranema, where both groups are metabolic, have the ability to glide, have visible feedings rods and two different flagellum on opposite ends of the cell.[7]
Heteronema is separated into two specific morphogroups, one consisting of elongate and very flexible cells that move by gliding, holding the
posteriorly.[3]
The feeding apparatus is usually quite small, composed of separate microtubule rods and surrounded by spiral striations at the anterior end of the cell.[9][7]

Habitat and ecology

Heteronema is generally widespread and commonly found in

benthic systems and microbial food webs.[1][2]

Life history

There is no

daughter cell.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Guiry, M. D.; Guiry, G. M. (2012). “Heteronema Dujardin, 1841”. Retrieved February 14, 2019, from [1]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lax, G.; Simpson, A. G. (2013). “Combining Molecular Data with Classical Morphology for Uncultured Phagotrophic Euglenids (Excavata): A Single-Cell Approach". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 6: 615-625. doi: 10.1111/jeu.12068
  3. ^ a b c Lee, Won J. (2011). “Free-living benthic heterotrophic euglenids from Botany Bay, Australia”. Marine Biology Research. 8 (1): 3-27. doi: 10.1080/17451000.2011.596545
  4. ^ Dujardin, F. (1841). “Histoire naturelle des zoophytes. Infusoires, comprenant la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux, et la manière de les étudier à laide du microscope”. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.51143
  5. PMID 33715388
  6. ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Heteronema Dujardin, 1841". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
  7. ^ a b c Breglia, Susana A.; Yubuki, Naoji; Leander, Brian S. (2013). “Ultrastructure and Molecular Phylogenetic Position of Heteronema scaphrum: A Eukaryovorous Euglenid with a Cytoproct”. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2: 107-120. doi: 10.1111/jeu.12014
  8. ^ Larsen, Jacob; Patterson, David J. (1990). “Some flagellates (Protista) from tropical marine sediments”. Journal of Natural History. 24 (4): 801-937. doi:10.1080/00222939000770571
  9. ^ Schroeckh, Sabrina; Lee Won J.; Patterson, David J. (2006). “Free-living heterotrophic euglenids from freshwater sites in mainland Australia”. Hydrobiologia. 493:1-3. doi: 10.1023/A:1025457801420
  10. ^ a b Esson, H. J.; Leander, B. S. (2006). “A model for the morphogenesis of strip reduction patterns in phototrophic euglenids: Evidence for heterochrony in pellicle evolution”. Evolution Development, 8 (4): 378-388. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142x.2006.00110.x
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