History of Gyeongju
Gyeongju is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang province in South Korea. It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong, covering 1,324 square kilometres (511 sq mi) with a population of 269,343 people according to the 2008 census. The early history of Gyeongju is closely tied to that of the Silla kingdom, of which it was the capital for nearly one thousand years.[1]
Silla period
Gyeongju first enters non-Korean records during the
After the
However, the city's prosperity proved short-lived. In the late 9th century the Silla kingdom declined and fell apart, giving way to the
Goryeo and Joseon periods
Under the Goryeo dynasty (935–1392), Gyeongju was no longer of national importance.[1] However, it remained a regional center. The city was given its modern name "Gyeongju" by King Taejo in 940, and was made the seat of Yeongnam Province. It had jurisdiction over a wide area, including much of east-central Yeongnam.[1]
Gyeongju was designated the "Eastern Capital" in 987, but that title was removed in 1012.[11] For much of the Goryeo period, it was also the seat of the Andong Daedohobu, the Great Protectorate of the East, which oversaw military affairs for much of eastern and central Korea. However, it was stripped of this distinction as well in the 13th century, after bloody rebellions connected with the Silla restoration movement broke out in the area. At the same time, its boundaries were considerably reduced.[note 1]
During the
Over these centuries, the city's relics suffered numerous assaults. In the 13th century,
Since 1900
The city's boundaries and designation changed several times in the 20th century. From 1895 to 1955, the area was known as Gyeongju-gun ("Gyeongju County"). In the first decades of the century, the city center was known as Gyeongju-myeon, signifying a relatively rural area. In 1931, the downtown area was designated Gyeongju-eup, in recognition of its increasingly urban nature. In 1955, Gyeongju-eup became Gyeongju-si ("Gyeongju City"), the same name as today but with a much smaller area. The remainder of Gyeongju-gun became "Wolseong County." The county and city were reunited in 1995, creating Gyeongju City as we know it today.
From the 1900s (decade) to the early 1970s, Gyeongju had remained relatively small and all glories of the past were gone.[18][19][20] In the early 20th century many archaeological excavations took place, mostly on the many tombs which survived the centuries fairly well. A museum, the forerunner of the present-day Gyeongju National Museum, was set up in 1915 to exhibit the finds. The excavations of this period, largely carried out by Japanese archaeologists, are often accused of recklessness and plunder, although others take a more neutral view.[note 2] Few excavation reports were ever published.
Gyeongju emerged as a railroad junction in the later years of the Japanese Occupation. The
Following liberation in 1945, Korea was plunged into turmoil. Gyeongju was no exception. Returnees from abroad were numerous; a village for them was constructed in present-day Dongcheon-dong.[23] In a period marked by widespread conflict and unrest, the Gyeongju area became particularly notorious for the level of guerrilla activity in the mountains.[24]
The Korean War broke out in 1950. Most of Gyeongju was spared from the fighting, and remained under South Korean control throughout the conflict. However, for a brief time in late 1950 portions of the city stood on the front lines, as North Korean forces pushed the
In the 1970s, Korea saw substantial industrial development, much of it centered in the Yeongnam region of which Gyeongju is a part. In 1971, the Gyeongbu Expressway was completed connecting Seoul and Busan, and passing through Gyeongju on the way. The POSCO steel mill in neighboring Pohang commenced operations in 1973, and the chemical manufacturing complex in Ulsan emerged in the same year. These developments helped to support the emergence of the manufacturing sector in Gyeongju.
For almost all of the 20th century, the people of the city had no direct say in their government. The mayors of Gyeongju, like those of all other cities, were directly appointed by the central government, whether the government was that of the Joseon Dynasty, Japanese occupation, or modern South Korea. This changed in 1995, with the establishment of local autonomy throughout the country. The city's first elected mayor was the unaffiliated Lee Won-shik, who served from 1995 to 1998.
In September 2015 the city was hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8, but no major damage or injuries were reported.[26]
Recent discoveries
In September 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of the remains of human sacrifices dating to the Silla Dynasty at Wolseong Palace's western wall in Gyeongju. According to the Gyeongju National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, a 1,500 year-old female skeleton was found with a necklace, a bracelet and an earthen pot.[27][28][29][30]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h 경주시의 역사 [History of Gyeongju]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Nate. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
- ^ a b 신라 (新羅) [Silla]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Nate. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
- ^ Robinson, Bartlett & Whyte 2007, p. 26.
- ^ Robinson, Bartlett & Whyte 2007, p. 28.
- ^ Lee Gwang-pyo (April 5, 2008). "'황금의 제국' 페르시아" ['Golden Empire' Persia]. The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 16, 2012.
- ^ "이븐 쿠르다지바" [Abu'I Qāsim Abādu'l Lāh Ibn Khurdāhibah (816~912)]. Doosan Encyclopedia (in Korean). [permanent dead link]
- ^ 제 1전시 한민족 생활사 [Exhibition Hall 1, History of Korean People]. National Museum of Korea (in Korean). Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ Breen 1999, p. 82.
- KBS 1TV. Archived from the originalon August 4, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ "좌통지도-지역 : 경상도 지도명 : 경주부" [Jwatongjido- Region: Gyeongsang province : Gyeongjubu]. Kyujanggak (in Korean).
- ^ Lee, (1984), pp. 115-116
- ^ Kookmin University 2004, p. 29.
- ^ Lee 1984, p. 144.
- ^ Lee 1984, p. 149.
- ^ Lee 1984, p. 214.
- ^ Cole, Teresa Levonian (October 11, 2003). "My brilliant Korea". The Guardian.
- ^ Kookmin University 2004, p. 27.
- KBS (in Korean). March 29, 2006. Archived from the originalon October 30, 2010.
- ^ Yun Wan-jun (November 1, 2008). "인문사회 불국사를 철근 콘크리트로 복원하라?" [Restoring Bulguksa Temple with Reinforced Concrete?]. The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean).[permanent dead link]
- ^ Noh Hyeong-seok (May 1, 2005). "말굽소리에 흐느끼누나 외로운 '신라의 달'" [Noona weeping at the sound of horseshoes, but lonely 'Moon of Shilla']. The Hankyoreh (in Korean).
- ^ Kookmin University 2004.
- ^ Kim 1982.
- ^ "유래" [Origin]. Cheonbuk-myeon (Gyeongju City website) (in Korean). Retrieved July 11, 2005.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Cumings 1997, p. 244.
- ^ Cumings 1997, p. 275.
- ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
- ^ "More human sacrifice evidence unearthed at Gyeongju palace site". The Korea Times. September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ "Human Remains Found in Foundation of Silla Dynasty Palace". Archaeology. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ "Remains from human sacrifices unearthed at Wolseong Palace in Gyeongju". The Hankyoreh. September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ Song Seung-hyun (September 7, 2021). "More evidence unearthed of Silla-era human sacrifice". The Korea Herald. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
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External links
- "Gyeongju". World History Encyclopedia.