Hoe-farming

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Use of the digging stick for tillage in the Nuba Mountains, Southern Sudan (2001 photograph)

Hoe-farming is a term introduced (as German: Hackbau; as opposed to Ackerbau) by Eduard Hahn in 1910 to collectively refer to primitive forms of agriculture, defined by the absence of the plough. Tillage in hoe-farming cultures is done by simple manual tools such as digging sticks or hoes. Hoe-farming is the earliest form of agriculture practiced in the Neolithic Revolution. Early forms of the plough (

Naqada II) and Europe (Linear Pottery culture
) by the 5th to 4th millennium BC. The invention spread throughout
Chinese Bronze Age).[1]

The parts of the world where

agriculture was introduced but not the plough (in the case of the New World up to the introduction of plough-farming with European colonization
) were named the hoe-cultivation belt (Hackbaugürtel) by Hahn (1914), followed by Werth (1954). The hoe-cultivation belt is mostly located in tropical latitudes, including Sub-Saharan Africa (but not the Horn of Africa, where the plough appears to have been introduced via Egypt),
pre-Columbian Americas.[2]

Hoe-farming often coincides with long fallow systems and

slash and burn clearance techniques, but they are not strictly necessary.[4] It is usually embedded in the logic of subsistence agriculture
.

See also

References

  1. ^ Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge University Press (1974), p. 161. c.f. Robert Greenberger, The Technology of Ancient China (New York: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2006), pp. 11–12.
  2. ^ Fernand Braudel, S. Reynolds (trans.) Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Vol. I: The Structure of Everyday Life, University of California Press (1982), p. 175.
  3. ISBN 0-8018-3502-X.: section “Introduction and Policy Overview”, pp. 1, 4 (see online
    )
  4. ^ Kienzle 2003 (see online)
  • Eduard Hahn Niederer Ackerbau oder Hackbau? Globus 97, 1910, S. 202–204.
  • Eduard Hahn Von der Hacke zum Pflug. Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig, 1914.
  • Eduard Hahn Die Haustiere und ihre Beziehungen zur Wirtschaft des Menschen (Leipzig, 1896).
  • Eduard Hahn: "Ackerbau". In:
    Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde
     (ed. Johannes Hoops, Straßburg 1911–1919), vol. 1, 17.
  • Eduard Hahn: "Hackbau". In: Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte (ed. Max Ebert, Berlin, 1924–1932) vol. 5, 12-13.
  • Emil Werth: Grabstock, Hacke und Pflug. Ludwigsburg, 1954.
  • Ziller, Reinhart (1974). Der Pflug. Geschichtliche Entwicklung und praktische Anwendung [The plough. Historical development and practical application"] (PDF) (in German). Stuttgart. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2008-07-11.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) "
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