Huayna Capac

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Huayna Capac
Wayna Qhapaq
Túpac Inca Yupanqui
MotherKuya Mama Ukllu

Wayna Qhapaq (before 1493 – 1527) was the third

Tumipampa[2][3]
and tutored to become Sapa Inca from a young age.

Tawantinsuyu reached its greatest extent under Wayna Qhapaq, as he expanded the empire's borders south along the Chilean coast, and north through what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia. According to the priest Juan de Velasco he absorbed the Quito Confederation into his empire by marrying Queen Paccha Duchicela, halting a long protracted war.[4] Wayna Qhapaq founded the city Atuntaqui and developed the city Cochabamba as an agriculture and administrative center. The Sapa Inca greatly expanded the Inca road system and had many qullqa (storehouses) built.[5]

Wayna Qhapaq died in 1527, likely from a European disease introduced to the Americas by the Spaniards. The death of him and his eldest son Ninan Cuyochi sparked the Inca Civil War, in which his sons Waskar and Atawallpa fought over succession as the next Sapa Inca. Tawantinsuyu fell to Spanish conquests shortly after Atawallpa's victory.[6][7][8]

Names

Wayna Qhapaq's original name was Titu Kusi Wallpa before ascending to Sapa Inca.

Quechua wayna boy, young, young man; qhapaq "the mighty one",[15][16] "the young mighty one", "powerful young one"[17] or "powerful youth"[9]

Subjects commonly approached Sapa Incas adding epithets and titles when addressing them, such as Wayna Qhapaq Inka Sapa'lla Tukuy Llaqt'a Uya "Unique Sovereign Wayna Qhapaq Listener to All Peoples".[18]

Background and family

Names are in Quechua, but given in their usual Spanish spellings, more widely known than the correct Quechua spellings.

The exact place and date of Wayna Qhapaq's birth are unknown. Though he was raised in

Túpac Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471–1493) who had extended Inca rule north into present-day Ecuador, a process continued by Wayna Qhapaq.[23]: 253 [10]

Wayna Qhapaq's first wife was his full sister, Koya "Queen"

Araua Ocllo, as his royal wife. They had a son they named Thupaq Kusi Wallpa,[9] later known as Waskar
.

Other sons included Ninan Cuyochi (the Crown Prince), Atawallpa, Túpac Huallpa, Manco Inca, Paullu Inca, Atoc, Konono, Wanka Auqui, Kizu Yupanqui, Tito Atauchi, Waman Wallpa, Kusi Wallpa, Tilka Yupanqu.[23]: 109–112  Some of them later held the title of Sapa Inca, although some later Sapa Inca were installed by the Spaniards.

Among the daughters of Wayna Qhapaq were Coya Asarpay (the First Princess of the Empire), Quispe Sisa, Cura Ocllo, Marca Chimbo, Pachacuti Yamqui, Miro, Kusi Warkay, Francisca Coya[25][26] and others.[23]: 112 [1]: 112, 118 

In addition to Kusi Rimay and Rawa Okllo, Wayna Qhapaq had more than 50 wives including Osika, Lari, Anawarque, Kontarwachu and Añas Qolque.[14]:143[23]: 109–112 

Administration

Tawantinsuyu or Inca empire at its peak under Wayna Qhapaq.

As a "boy chief" or "boy sovereign", Wayna Qhapaq had a tutor, Wallpaya,[9]:218 a nephew of Túpac Inca Yupanqui. This tutor's plot to assume the Incaship was discovered by his uncle, the Governor Waman Achachi, who had Wallpaya killed.[1]: 109 

In the south, Wayna Qhapaq continued the expansion of Tawantinsuyu into what is now Chile and Argentina, and tried to annex territories towards the north in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia.

Ruins of the Inca city of Pumpu. Wayna Qhapaq used to spend time relaxing in the nearby Chinchay Cocha lake connected to the city by a river.

According to the Ecuadorian priest Juan de Velasco Wayna Qhapaq absorbed the kingdom of Quito into the Inca Empire. He supposedly married Paccha Duchicela, the queen of Quito.[6][4]

Wayna Qhapaq became fond of Ecuador and spent most of his time there, founding cities like Atuntaqui. Wayna Qhapaq rebuilt Quito to make it the "second capital" of the empire, besides Cusco.[27]

As Sapa Inca, he built astronomical observatories in Ecuador such as Ingapirca. Wayna Qhapaq hoped to establish a northern stronghold in the city of Tumebamba, inhabited by the Cañari people. In the Sacred Valley, the sparse remains of one of Wayna Qhapaq's estates and his country palace called Kispiwanka[28] can still be found in the present-day town of Urubamba, Peru.

In what is now Bolivia, Wayna Qhapaq was responsible for developing

Shuar.[29]

Wayna Qhapaq acquired a special fondness for the central Peruvian Andes and its local highlights; he is recorded as having spent time relaxing in the

Chinchaycocha lake on the Bombon plateau. Many Inca rafts were brought to the lake directly from Ecuador for his amusement.[30]
On its way to Cusco, after Wayna Qhapaq's death in Quito, the procession carrying his body stopped in the vicinity of Shawsha, a city in the central Peruvian Andes, acknowledging the fondness that he had felt for the region, and because the local inhabitants had been some of the most loyal to its causes.

Tawantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of what is now Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, and southwestern Colombia. It included varying terrain from high frozen

qollqa
built along it for food so that aid could be quickly rushed to any who were in danger of starvation.

Wayna Qhapaq knew of the Spanish arrival off the coast of his empire[1]: 131  as early as 1515.

Death and legacy

Statue of Wayna Qhapaq in Guayaquil

Wayna Qhapaq died in 1527.[33]: 82–83, 85  When Wayna Qhapaq returned to Quito he had already contracted a fever while campaigning in present-day Colombia (though some historians dispute this),[34] likely resulting from the introduction of European disease like measles or smallpox.[1]: 117 [35]: 115  The Spaniards had carried a wide variety of deadly diseases to North, Central and South America; and the Indigenous peoples had no acquired immunity against them. Millions of Central- and South Americans died in that epidemic including Wayna's brother, Auqui Tupac Inca, and Wayna's would-be successor and eldest son, Ninan Cuyochi. According to some sources, his sons Atawallpa and Waskar were granted two separate realms of Tawantinsuyu: his favorite Atawallpa, the northern portion centered on Quito; and Waskar, the southern portion centered on Cusco.[32]: 146  According to other sources, Atuahualpa was acting as provincial governor on behalf of his brother. The two sons reigned peacefully for four to five years before Waskar (or possibly Atawallpa) decided to grab power.[33]: 89 

Waskar quickly secured power in Cusco and had his brother arrested. However, Atawallpa escaped from his imprisonment with the help of his wife. Atawallpa began securing support from Wayna Qhapaq's best generals,

Chalcuchímac and Quizquiz, who happened to be near Quito, the nearest major city. Atawallpa rebelled against his brother and won the ensuing civil war, imprisoning Waskar at the end of the war.[33]: 89–94  Wayna Qhapaq's city of Tumebamba was destroyed during the war. The Spanish Francisco Pizarro and his men ascended into the Andes just as Atawallpa was returning to Cusco after the successful conclusion of his northern campaigns. After launching a surprise attack in Cajamarca and massacring upward of 6,000 Incan soldiers, Pizarro took Atawallpa prisoner. Pizarro's ransom of Atawallpa and his subsequent execution marked the immediate turning point of the Spanish conquest of Tawantinsuyu
.

Lost mummy

Further information: Religion in the Inca Empire § Mummification

All the Inca emperors had their bodies mummified after death. Wayna Qhapaq's

Lima where it was displayed in the San Andres Hospital. The mummies deteriorated in the damp climate of Lima and eventually they were either buried or destroyed by the Spanish.[34][36]

An attempt to find the mummies of the Inca emperors beneath the San Andres hospital in 2001 was unsuccessful. The archaeologists found a crypt, but it was empty. The mummies may have been removed when the building was repaired after an earthquake.[36]

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 9781463688653
  2. ^ "Biography of Huayna Capac o Huaina Capac. Emperador inca". TheBiography.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  3. ^ "Huayna Capac". mayaincaaztec.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  4. ^ a b de Velasco, Juan. Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional.
  5. ^ Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. Historia de los Incas.
  6. ^ a b Rostworowski, María. History of the Inca Realm. Translated by Iceland, Harry B. Cambridge University Press.
  7. ^ de Betanzos, Juan. Suma y narración de los Incas.
  8. ^ de León, Cieza. El Señorio de los Incas.
  9. ^
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  10. ^ a b Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro (2007) [Originally published in Spanish in 1572]. Bauer, Brian S.; Smith, Vania (eds.). The History of the Incas. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 171, 173.
  11. ^ Echard, Lawrence (1815). Diccionario geografico universal: O-S (in Spanish). por Francisco Martínez Dávila.
  12. ^ Portnoy, Nestor F. (1997). Estudio en tradición oral: "Sobre la vida del Inca Guayana Capac" (in Spanish).
  13. ISSN 0716-2278
    . "Wayn Capac kay pachala riki puntata chinkaypushan". (In this world, Wayna Capac sets into a mountain peak. (Taped 1985).
  14. ^
    ISBN 9788483701560
    . Dos casos notables se refieren a las concubinas de Wayna Kapak: Kontarwacho y Añas Kolke, ambas de la etnia huaylla.
  15. ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary): wayna. - adj. s. m. Joven. Hombre que está en la juventud. qhapaq. - adj. Principal. Primero en importancia. || Noble, ilustre. Qhapaq. / Rico, -ca. Noble, adinerado. / adj. y s. Poderoso, -sa. Acaudalado, adinerado. || El que tiene extensas tierras.
  16. ^ Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005: qhapaq - s. Hist. Término utilizado en el inkanato para denominar al poderosos, ilustre, eminente, regio, próspero, glorioso, de sangre real, etc. ...
  17. ISBN 9780195124323
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  18. ISBN 9789978223864
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  19. ^ Rostworowski, Maria. Enciclopedia Temática del Perú (in Spanish). Vol. 1. p. 67.
  20. ^ Cabello Valboa, Miguel (1945). Miscelánea Antártica (in Spanish). pp. 142, 143, 146.
  21. ^ de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui, Juan (1879) [c. 1620]. Jiménez de la Espada, Marcos (ed.). Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Pirú (in Spanish). pp. 249, 255.
  22. ^ Cobo, Bernabé (1964) [1890]. Historia del Nuevo Mundo (in Spanish). Vol. 2. p. 90.
  23. ^
    ISBN 9781587292941
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  24. ^ Cadena, María Soledad De la (1996). Race, ethnicity, and the struggle for indigenous self-representation: de-indianization in Cuzco, Peru, 1919-1992. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 292. The sacred animals, royal servants, the Virgins of the Sun, the priests, the high dignitaries of the Court, the Koya (Queen) and the Inca paraded through the scene, these last occupying their respective seats of honor.
  25. ^ Costales, Piedad Peñaherrera de; Costales Samaniego, Alfredo; Jurado Noboa, Fernando (1982). "Los señores naturales de la tierra : Las Coyas y Pallas del Tahuantinsuyo". Cultura y Patrimonio (in Spanish).
  26. ^ Zapata-Jaramillo, Juan G. Descendientes del Emperador Inca Pachacútec. Academia.edu (Report).
  27. ^ González Ochoa, José María (2018). "Huayna Capac". Diccionario Biográfico Español (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia.
  28. ^ Saintenoy, Thibault. "Choqek'iraw et la vallée de l'Apurimac : paysages et sociétés préhispaniques tardives". HTTP WWW Theses Fr.
  29. ^ Ernesto Salazar (1977). An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador (PDF). International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 13. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  30. ^ Raimondi, Antonio (1876). El Perú - Historia de la geografía del Perú, Libro Primero, Tomo II (in Spanish). Lima: Imprenta del Estado.
  31. ^ "Maya, Aztecs, Inca, Inuit: before Columbus." Archived 2011-03-20 at the Wayback Machine Worldwide Story for Civilization. (retrieved 3 July 2011)
  32. ^
    ISBN 9781420941142
  33. ^
    ISBN 9780872208438
  34. ^ a b McCaa, Robert; Nimlos, Aleta; Hampe Martinez, Teodoro (6 March 2011). "Why Blame Smallpox? The Death of the Inca Huayna Capac and the Demographic Destruction of Tawantinsuyu (Ancient Peru)" (PDF).
  35. ISBN 9780822321460
  36. ^ a b Pringle, Harriet (April 2011). "Inca Empire". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011.

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Huayna Capac
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sapa Inca
1493 – 1527 		Succeeded by
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