Hyperelliptic curve

In algebraic geometry, a hyperelliptic curve is an algebraic curve of genus g > 1, given by an equation of the form

where f(x) is a polynomial of degree n = 2g + 1 > 4 or n = 2g + 2 > 4 with n distinct roots, and h(x) is a polynomial of degree < g + 2 (if the characteristic of the ground field is not 2, one can take h(x) = 0).

A hyperelliptic function is an element of the function field of such a curve, or of the Jacobian variety on the curve; these two concepts are identical for elliptic functions, but different for hyperelliptic functions.

Genus

The degree of the polynomial determines the genus of the curve: a polynomial of degree 2g + 1 or 2g + 2 gives a curve of genus g. When the degree is equal to 2g + 1, the curve is called an imaginary hyperelliptic curve. Meanwhile, a curve of degree 2g + 2 is termed a real hyperelliptic curve. This statement about genus remains true for g = 0 or 1, but those special cases are not called "hyperelliptic". In the case g = 1 (if one chooses a distinguished point), such a curve is called an elliptic curve.

Formulation and choice of model

While this model is the simplest way to describe hyperelliptic curves, such an equation will have a

, is meant.

To be more precise, the equation defines a

integral closure

) process. It turns out that after doing this, there is an open cover of the curve by two affine charts: the one already given by

$${\displaystyle y^{2}=f(x)}$$

and another one given by

$${\displaystyle w^{2}=v^{2g+2}f(1/v).}$$

The glueing maps between the two charts are given by

$${\displaystyle (x,y)\mapsto (1/x,y/x^{g+1})}$$

and

$${\displaystyle (v,w)\mapsto (1/v,w/v^{g+1}),}$$

wherever they are defined.

In fact geometric shorthand is assumed, with the curve C being defined as a ramified double cover of the projective line, the ramification occurring at the roots of f, and also for odd n at the point at infinity. In this way the cases n = 2g + 1 and 2g + 2 can be unified, since we might as well use an automorphism of the projective plane to move any ramification point away from infinity.

Using Riemann–Hurwitz formula

Using the Riemann–Hurwitz formula, the hyperelliptic curve with genus g is defined by an equation with degree n = 2g + 2. Suppose f : X → P¹ is a branched covering with ramification degree 2, where X is a curve with genus g and P¹ is the Riemann sphere. Let g₁ = g and g₀ be the genus of P¹ ( = 0 ), then the Riemann-Hurwitz formula turns out to be

${\displaystyle 2-2g_{1}=2(2-2g_{0})-\sum _{s\in X}(e_{s}-1)}$

where s is over all ramified points on X. The number of ramified points is n, and at each ramified point s we have e_s = 2, so the formula becomes

${\displaystyle 2-2\times g=2(2-2\times 0)-n\times (2-1)}$

so n = 2g + 2.

Occurrence and applications

All curves of genus 2 are hyperelliptic, but for genus ≥ 3 the generic curve is not hyperelliptic. This is seen heuristically by a

are those that correspond to taking a cube root, rather than a square root, of a polynomial.

The definition by quadratic extensions of the rational function field works for fields in general except in characteristic 2; in all cases the geometric definition as a ramified double cover of the projective line is available, if the extension is assumed to be separable.

Hyperelliptic curves can be used in

.

Hyperelliptic curves also appear composing entire connected components of certain strata of the moduli space of Abelian differentials.^[2]

Hyperellipticity of genus-2 curves was used to prove

in the case of fillings of genus =1.

Classification

Hyperelliptic curves of given genus g have a moduli space, closely related to the ring of

]

History

Hyperelliptic functions were first published^[

Johann G. Rosenhain

worked on that matter and published Umkehrungen ultraelliptischer Integrale erster Gattung (in Mémoires des savants etc., vol. 11, 1851).

See also

• Bolza surface
• Superelliptic curve

References

• "Hyper-elliptic curve", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]
• A user's guide to the local arithmetic of hyperelliptic curves

Notes

1. MR 1327038
   .
2. S2CID 14716447
   .