Hypothalamic disease
Hypothalamic disease | |
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Specialty | Neurology, endocrinology |
Hypothalamic disease is a disorder presenting primarily in the
Numerous dysfunctions manifest as a result of hypothalamic disease. Damage to the hypothalamus may cause disruptions in body temperature regulation, growth, weight, sodium and water balance, milk production, emotions, and sleep cycles.
Hypopituitarism
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are tightly integrated. Damage to the hypothalamus will impact the responsiveness and normal functioning of the pituitary. Hypothalamic disease may cause insufficient or inhibited signalling to the pituitary leading to deficiencies of one or more of the following hormones:
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus may occur due to low levels of ADH production from the hypothalamus.[1][5][6] Insufficient levels of ADH result in increased thirst and urine output, and prolonged excessive urine excretion increases the risk of dehydration.[6]
Tertiary hypothyroidism
The thyroid gland is an auxiliary organ to the hypothalamus-pituitary system. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produced by the hypothalamus signals to the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then stimulates the thyroid to secrete T4 and T3 thyroid hormones.[7][8] Secondary hypothyroidism occurs when TSH secretion from the pituitary is impaired, whereas tertiary hypothyroidism is the deficiency or inhibition of TRH.[7]
Thyroid hormones are responsible for metabolic activity. Insufficient production of the thyroid hormones result in suppressed metabolic activity and weight gain. Hypothalamic disease may therefore have implications for obesity.[9]
Developmental disorders
Sleep disorders
References
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- ^ a b c MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Hypothalamic dysfunction
- ^ Rehan, K. (2011). An Overview of the Hypothalamus The Endocrine System’s Link to the Nervous System. Retrieved from http://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-hypothalamus
- ^ Carmichael, J. D., & Braunstein, G. D. (2009). Diseases of Hypothalamic Origin. In D. W. Pfaff, A. P. Arnold, S. E. Fahrbach, A. M. Etgen & R. T. Rubin (Eds.), Hormones, Brain and Behavior (3005-3048). Los Angeles, CA: Academic Press
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- ^ a b Maghnie, M., Altobelli, M., Di Iorgi, N., Genovese, E., Meloni, G., Manca-Bitti, M. L., . . . Bernasconi, S. (2004). Idiopathic central diabetes insipidus is associated with abnormal blood supply to the posterior pituitary gland caused by vascular impairment of the inferior hypophyseal artery system. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89(4), 1891-1896.
- ^ a b Martin, J. B., & Riskind, P. N. (1992). Neurologic manifestations of hypothalamic disease. Progress in Brain Research, 93, 31-40; discussion 40-2.
- ^ Pinkney, J. (2000). Obesity and pituitary disease. Pituitary News, 17. Retrieved from http://www.pituitary.org.uk/content/view/166/122/ Archived 2012-01-20 at the Wayback Machine
- .
- PMID 18024690.