Ibrahim of Ghazna
| Ibrahim | |
|---|---|
Ma'sud I | |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Ibrahim of Ghazna (b. 1033 – d. 1099) was sultan of the Ghaznavid empire from April 1059 until his death in 1099.[2] Having been imprisoned at the fortress of Barghund, he was one of the Ghaznavid princes that escaped the usurper Toghrul's massacre in 1052.[3] After his brother Farrukh-Zad took power, Ibrahim was sent to the fortress of Nay,[4] the same fortress where the poet Masud Sa'd Salman would later be imprisoned for ten years.[5]
Following Farrukh's death, Ibrahim was recognized as the last surviving male Ghaznavid. A military escort was sent to fetch him from Nay and he entered Ghazna on 6 April 1059.
Life
Ibrahim was born during his father's campaign into
Ibrahim's son, Mas'ud, married Gawhar Khatun, daughter of Seljuq sultan Malik Shah, as a condition of peace between the Great Seljuq empire and the Ghaznavid empire.[2]
Every year Ibrahim would copy the Quran by hand and send it to the caliph in Mecca.[9]
Reign
Ibrahim rebuilt towns and settlements and instituted a vigorous policy for the restoration of social peace and economic prosperity in the Ghaznavid empire, which had been initiated by his brother Farrukh-Zad.
Ibrahim sent his son, Mahmud, with an army of ghazis consisting of 40,000 cavalry to raid
After 14 years of peace with the
In 1079, Ibrahim led a campaign into
. Another main achievement of Ibrahim's reign was the rise of Lahore as a great cultural center under the viceroyalty of his grandson Shirzad.Death
Ibrahim died on 25 August 1099 ending a reign of 40 years. His tomb lies in the northeastern part of medieval Ghazna near Shaikh Radi d-Din 'Ali Lala's tomb in the Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III .[18][19]
References
- ^ Alya Karame. "Qur'ans from the Eastern Islamic World between the 4 th /10 th and 6 th /12 th Centuries" (PDF). The University of Edinburgh. p. 109.
- ^ a b Dames 1993, p. 157.
- ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 46.
- ^ a b Bosworth 1977, p. 50.
- ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 66.
- ^ Ziad 2006, p. 294.
- ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 50-51.
- ^ a b Bosworth 1977, p. 51.
- ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 74.
- ^ Bosworth 1968, p. 157.
- ^ Wink 1997, p. 134.
- ^ Bakshi, Gajrani & Singh 1997, p. 371.
- ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 66-67.
- ^ Bosworth 2007.
- ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 53.
- ^ Ibn al-Athir 2002, p. 180.
- ^ Bosworth 2011.
- ^ Bosworth 1977, p. 81.
- ^ "Qasr-i Mas'ud-i Sivvum". Archnet. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
Sources
- Bakshi, S.R.; Gajrani, S.; Singh, Hari (1997). Early Aryans to Swaraj. Vol. II. Brill.
- Bosworth, C.E. (1968). "The Iranian World". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press.
- Bosworth, C.E. (1977). The Later Ghaznavids. Columbia University Press.
- Bosworth, C.E. (2007). "Ghaznavids". Encyclopedia Iranica.
- Bosworth, C.E. (2011). "ʿAbd-Al-Ḥamid b. Ahmad b. ʿAbd-Al-Ṣamad Širazi". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Dames, M. Longworth (1993). "Ghaznavids". In Houtsma, M. Th. (ed.). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. Brill.
- Ibn al-Athir (2002). The Annal of the Saljuq Turks. Translated by Richards, D.S. Routledge.
- Wink, André (1997). Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquests 11th-13th centuries. Vol. II. Brill.
- Ziad, Homayra (2006). "Ghaznavids". In Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization. Vol. I. Taylor & Francis.
