Ice-nine

Ice-nine is a fictional material that appears in

of the entire body of water, which quickly crystallizes as more ice-nine. As people are mostly water, ice-nine kills nearly instantly when ingested or brought into contact with soft tissues exposed to the bloodstream, such as the eyes or tongue. It wasn't explained why the same doesn't happen by mere skin contact or inhalation of dust generated from mechanical impacts.

In the story, it is invented by Dr. Felix Hoenikker

.

Vonnegut encountered the idea of ice-nine while working at

Real-life analogues

The

, making the described phenomena impossible.

• While multiple polymorphs of ice do exist (they can be created under pressure), none have the properties described in the novel, and none are stable at
  Ice IX
  has none of the properties of Vonnegut's creation, and can exist only at extremely low temperatures and high pressures.
• The ice-nine-like phenomenon has occurred with a few other kinds of crystals, called "
  AIDS medicine ritonavir, where the newer polymorph destroyed the effectiveness of the drug until improved manufacturing and distribution was developed.^[4]
• Ice-nine has been used as a model to explain the infective mechanism of mis-folded proteins called prions which are thought to catalyze the mis-folding of the corresponding normal protein leading to a variety of spongiform encephalopathies such as kuru, scrapie and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.^[5]
• Ice VII, stable at room temperature but only under very high pressures.^[6]

Critical analysis

In Posthumanism in the Novels of Kurt Vonnegut, ice-nine is described as an example of a wampeter in the fictional Bokonon religion, the pivot around which a karass, or a group of randomly interrelated people, revolves. Calling it both the cause of the apocalypse and one of the book's main sources of humor, the book argues that ice-nine sets the entire tone for the novel, which is "rendered inert" by its fragmentary structure and fundamental tension. The book also states that ice-nine reverses the normal hierarchy in which living organisms use water as a resource, becoming the "successor of organic life on planet Earth".[7]

Leonard Susskind's The Cosmic Landscape calls Cat's Cradle and its use of ice-nine a "cautionary tale about madness and instability in a world full of nuclear weapons", as well as being based on the real scientific principle of metastability. Saying that, while in the real world, liquid water at room temperature is stable, it explains that in Vonnegut's universe, normal water is only metastable, and since ice-nine is more stable than water, it will form naturally "sooner or later" even without the introduction of the seed crystal. It describes the fact that supercooled water takes on similar traits, and will completely freeze over if a normal chunk of ice is introduced. The book also relates this to the metastability of vacuums in string theory and their ability to create a diverse universe.^[8]

In Dr. Strangelove's America, Margot A. Henriksen states that ice-nine represents a collaboration between science and the military that, like with the atomic bomb, proves their "indifference to the fate of the human race", and the "inhuman and immoral results of [...] pure research". The book notes that the pure search for knowledge without "living human principles" as depicted in Cat's Cradle ultimately tarnishes science.^[9]

See also

• Grey goo
• List of fictional doomsday devices
• Crystal growth
• Strangelet
• Ice Nine Kills

References