Ignacio Ramírez (politician)
Ignacio Ramírez "El Nigromante" | |
---|---|
Born | Ignacio Ramírez Calzada 22 June 1818 San Miguel de Allende, Mexico |
Died | 15 June 1879 Mexico City, Mexico | (aged 60)
Occupation | Writer, lawyer, poet |
Nationality | Mexican |
Juan Ignacio Paulino Ramírez Calzada (22 June 1818 – 15 June 1879), more commonly known as Ignacio Ramírez, was a 19th century Mexican liberal intellectual and statesman. He was known for publishing various newspapers championing progressive causes, and he would often use the pen name El Nigromante, (the
Ramírez has been described as the most radical and progressist of all 19th century Mexican liberals, as he was "jacobin", an intransigent atheist, ecologist, "feminist", indigenist, and a social fighter.[1] He belongs to the generation of Mexican liberals of La Reforma; which includs other intellectuals such as Ponciano Arriaga, Miguel Lerdo de Tejada, Melchor Ocampo, and Guillermo Prieto.[2]
While the Liberal Party consistently supported anti-clerical measures, Ramírez was also one of its few partisans who openly expressed atheism.
Early life
Ramírez was born at
He began his studies at
In 1845, he began to publish a newspaper called Don Simplico.[7] The paper was shut down in 1846 under the conservative government of Mariano Paredes, and Ramírez found himself arrested along with fellow contributors Guillermo Prieto and Manuel Payno.
Early political career
It was at this point that the Mexican–American War broke out. After a series of military failures, the Mariano Paredes administration would fall later in the year and meanwhile the liberal Francisco Modesto de Olaguíbel Martinón had become governor of the State of Mexico. Modesto appointed Ramírez to the state government, and he served on the governor's council.[8]
The federal government then named Ramírez as the administrator of the territory of Tlaxcala, where he attempted to organize the war effort, but he was forced to resign and leave Tlaxcala in the wake of the controversy that resulted after he cancelled the annual religious celebration of the Virgin of Ocotlán. Meanwhile the war with the United States had ended.[9]
Ramírez moved to Toluca, where he worked as a professor and he founded the radical liberal newspaper Temis y Deucalión. The paper caused Ramírez to once again get in trouble with the law, but he was ultimately acquitted of any wrongdoing.[10]
In 1852, Francisco de la Vega y Rábago, the governor of Sinaloa, appointed Ramírez to the state government, but Ramírez stepped down and fled to Baja California after a conservative government under Santa Anna came to power at Mexico City in 1853. Nonetheless Ramírez stayed in the country and once again found a job teaching, resulting in his imprisonment. Ramírez remained in prison for eleven months until Santa Anna was overthrown by the Plan of Ayutla in 1853. Ramírez met one of the leaders of the Ayutla Plan, and future president of Mexico, Ignacio Comonfort, who made Ramírez his secretary, but they parted ways over differences in politics, Comonfort being much more of a moderate than Ramírez.[11]
La Reforma
Ramírez then joined a more radical faction of liberals including his old colleague Guillermo Prieto, Melchor Ocampo, and future president Benito Juárez. He participated in the pivotal Constitutional Congress of 1856 to 1857, as a representatives for the state of Sinaloa.[12] The congress would go on to draft a new constitution for the nation which would ultimately trigger almost ten years of civil war. He also founded another progressive newspaper, El Clamor Progresista which endorsed the minister Miguel Lerdo de Tejada for the presidency.[13]
The promulgation of the
The triumphant Juarez government moved back to Mexico City and Ramírez was named to the cabinet, along with Guillermo Prieto. Ramírez would serve as head of the joint Ministry of Justice, Public Instruction, and Development through which he pursued various liberal reforms. [15]
Second French Intervention
He stepped down from his post in mid 1861. At the time, President Juarez had cancelled the payment of foreign debts in response to a financial crisis and Mexico was threatened with foreign intervention by France, Spain, and England. With Guillermo Prieto, Ignacio Altamirano, and Jose Iglesias, Ramírez then founded another newspaper called La Chinaca which was intended to lift the national spirit in the face of the impending foreign invasion.[16]
A French invasion finally began in April, 1862, but was temporariliy repulsed after the Battle of Puebla in May. The Mexican congress met in April 1863 during which Ramírez advocated the nationalization of the monasteries at Puebla to fund the war effort, advice which was accepted and carried out. Meanwhile French reinforcements had arrived, and Mexico City was taken in June, 1863. Ramírez left the capital and headed towards Sinaloa where he continued to publish progressive periodicals attacking the Second French intervention in Mexico and the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire.[17]
He returned to Mexico City but was discovered and imprisoned by the Imperial government after which he was transferred to Yucatan. Ramírez was freed when the Empire fell in 1867.[18]
Later life
After the fall of the Empire, Ramírez figured amongst the liberal opposition to Benito Juárez who had held on to the presidency for ten years.[19]
Ramírez was elected president of the Supreme Court and was also named Minister of Justice by President Porfirio Díaz. He died on 15 June 1879.[20]
Works
Essays
Some of his renown studies and essays are:
- "Dos lecciones inéditas sobre literatura" ("Two Unpublished Lessons on Literature", read at Instituto Políglota de Toluca)[21]
- Libros rudimental y progresivo para la enseñanza primaria (1873)
- Lecciones de literatura (Lessons on Literature, 1884)
- Estudios sobre literatura (Studies on Literature)
Articles
He published famous periodistic articles in the following 19th century Mexican liberal newspapers:
- Don Simplicio
- Temis y Deucalión
- El Siglo Diez y Nueve
- El Clamor Progresista
- La Insurrección
- El Monitor Republicano
- La Chinaca
- La Estrella de Occidente
- La Opinión
- El Correo de México
- El Mensajero
See also
References
- ISBN 9786078714520.
- ^ Charles A. Hale, The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989, p. 7.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 156.
- ^ Sosa, Francisco (1884). Biografias de Mexicanos Distinguidos. Secretaria de Fomento. p. 855.
- ^ Sosa, Francisco (1884). Biografias de Mexicanos Distinguidos. Secretaria de Fomento. p. 855.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 150.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 150.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 151.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 151.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 151.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 152.
- ^ Sosa, Francisco (1884). Biografias de Mexicanos Distinguidos. Secretaria de Fomento. p. 855.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 152.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 153.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 153.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 154.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 154.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 155.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 155.
- ^ Liberales Ilustres Mexicanos de la Reforma y la Intervencion (in Spanish). Hijo del Ahuizote. 1890. p. 155.
- ISBN 978-970-32-3068-6.
External links