Indic computing

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Indic Computing means "computing in

.

Unicode standard version 15.0 specifies codes for 9 Indic scripts in Chapter 12 titled "South and Central Asia-I, Official Scripts of India". The 9 scripts are

.

A lot of Indic Computing projects are going on. They involve some government sector companies, some volunteer groups and individual people.

Government sector

Indian Union Government made it mandatory for Mobile phone companies whose handsets manufactured, stored, sold and distributed in India to have support for displaying and typing text using fonts for all 22 languages.^[1] This move has seen rise in use of Indian languages by millions of users.^[2]

TDIL

The

(Technology Development for Indian Languages) with the objective of developing Information Processing Tools and Techniques to facilitate human-machine interaction without language barrier; creating and accessing multilingual knowledge resources; and integrating them to develop innovative user products and services.

In 2005, it started distributing language software tools developed by Government/Academic/Private companies in the form of CD for non commercial use.

Some of the outcome of TDIL program deployed on Indian Language Technology Proliferation & Deployment Centre. This Centre disseminate all the linguistic resources, tools & applications which have been developed under TDIL funding. This programme took to exponential expansion under the leadership of Dr. Swaran Lata who also created international foot-print of the programme. She has now retired.

C-DAC

Main article:

C-DAC

OCR in Indian languages

etc.

BharateeyaOO.org

The work developed out of CDAC, Bangalore (earlier known as NCST, Bangalore) became BharateeyaOO.[4] OpenOffice 2.1 had support for over 10 Indian languages.

BOSS

BOSS linux was developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) to promote use of open-source software in India.

NGO and Volunteer groups

Indlinux

Indlinux organisation helped organise the individual volunteers working on different indic language versions of Linux and its applications.

Sarovar

Sarovar.org is

and hosted at Asianet data center. Sarovar.org is customised, installed and maintained by Linuxense as part of their community services and sponsored by River Valley Technologies. Sarovar.org is built on Debian Etch and GForge and runs off METTLE.

Pinaak

Pinaak is a non-government charitable society devoted to Indic language computing. It works for software localization, developing language software, localizing open source software, enriching online encyclopedias etc. In addition to this Pinaak works for educating people about computing, ethical use of Internet and use of Indian languages on Internet.

Ankur Group

Ankur Group is working toward supporting Bengali language (Bengali) on Linux operating system including localized Bengali GUI, Live CD, English-to-Bengali translator, Bengali OCR and Bengali Dictionary etc.^[5]

BhashaIndia

SMC

SMC is a free software group, working to bridge the language divide in Kerala in the technology front and is today the biggest language computing community in India.^[6]

Input methods

Full size keyboards

With the advent of Unicode inputting Indic text on computer has become very easy. A number of methods exist for this purpose, but the main ones are:-

InScript

.

Phonetic transliteration

This is a typing method in which, for instance, the user types text in an Indian language using

text to be input in any application.

Some examples of phonetic transliterators are Xlit,

They can be broadly classified as:

• Fixed transliteration scheme based tools – They work using a fixed transliteration scheme to convert text. Some examples are Indic IME, Rupantar and BarahaIME.
• Intelligent/Learning based transliteration tools – They compare the word with a dictionary and then convert it to the equivalent words in the target language. Some of the popular ones are
  Google Indic Transliteration, Xlit, Microsoft Indic Language Input Tool and QuillPad
  .

Remington (typewriter)

This layout was developed when computers had not been invented or deployed with Indic languages, and typewriters were the only means to type text in Indic scripts. Since typewriters were mechanical and could not include a script processor engine, each character had to be placed on the keyboard separately, which resulted in a very complex and difficult to learn keyboard layout.

With the advent of Unicode, the Remington layout was added to various typing tools for sake of backward compatibility, so that old typists did not have to learn a new keyboard layout. Nowadays this layout is only used by old typists who are used to this layout due to several years of usage. One tool to include Remington layout is Indic IME. A font that is based on the Remington keyboard layout is Kruti Dev. Another online tool that very closely supports the old Remington keyboard layout using Kruti Dev is the Remington Typing tool.

Braille

IBus Sharada Braille, which supports seven Indian languages was developed by SMC.^[6]

Mobile phones with Numeric keyboards

Mobile/Hand/cell phone basic models have 12 keys like the plain old telephone keypad. Each key is mapped to 3 or 4 English letters to facilitate data entry in English. For inputting Indian languages with this kind of keypad, there are two ways to do so. First is the Multi-tap Method and second uses visual help from the screen like Panini Keypad. The primary usage is SMS. 140 characters size used for English/Roman languages can be used to accommodate only about 70 language characters when Unicode^[7] Proprietary compression is used some times to increase the size of single message for Complex script languages like Hindi. A research study^[8] of the available methods and recommendations of proposed standard was released by Broadband Wireless Consortium of India (BWCI).

Transliteration/Phonetic methods

English is used to type in Indian languages. QuillPad^[9] IndiSMS^[10]

Native methods

In native methods, the letters of the language are displayed on the screen corresponding to the numeral keys based on the probabilities of those letters for that language. Additional letters can be accessed by using a special key. When a word is partially typed, options are presented from which the user can make a selection.^[11]

Smart phones with Qwerty keyboards

Most smart phones have about 35 keys catering primarily to English language. Numerals and some symbols are accessed with a special key called Alt. Indic input methods are yet to evolve for these types of phones, as support of Unicode for rendering is not widely available.

For Smart Phones with Soft/Virtual keyboards

Inscript is being adopted for smart phone usage. For Android phones which can render Indic languages, Swalekh Multilingual Keypad^[12] Multiling Keyboard app^[13][14] are available. Gboard offers support for several Indian languages.^[15]

Localization

Localization means translating software, operating systems, websites etc. various applications in Indian language. Various volunteers groups are working in this direction.

Mandrake Tamil Version

A notable example is the Tamil version of Mandrake linux(defunct since 2011). Tamil speakers in Toronto (Canada) released Mandrake, a Linux software, in coming out with a Tamil version.^[16] It can be noted that all the features can be accessed in Tamil. By this, the prerequisite of English knowledge for using computers has been eliminated, for those who know Tamil.

IndLinux

IndLinux is a volunteer group aiming to translate the Linux operating system into Indian languages. By the efforts of this group, Linux has been localized almost completely in Hindi and other Indian languages.

Nipun

Nipun is an online translation system aimed to translate various application in Hindi. It is part of Akshargram Network.

Localising Websites

GoDaddy has localised its website in Hindi, Marathi and Tamil and also noted that 40% of the call volume for IVR is in Indian Languages.^[17]

Indic blogging

Indic blogging refers to blogging in Indic languages. Various efforts have been done to promote blogging in Indian languages.

Social Networks

Some Social networks are started in Indian languages.^[18]

Programming

Indic programming languages

• BangaBhasha - Programming in Bangla
• Programing using Hindi language
• Ezhil, a programming language in Tamil

Frameworks

Libraries

Natural Language processing in Indian languages is on rise. There are several libraries such as iNLTK, StanfordNLP are available.[20]

Translation

Google offers improved translation feature for Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Gujarati, Punjabi, Malayalam and Kannada,^[15] with offline support as well.^[21] Microsoft also offers translation for some of these languages.

Software

Indic Language Stack

In a symposium jointly organized by

Spell Checkers

Transliteration tools

Transliteration tools allow users to read a text in a different script. As of now, Aksharamukha is the tool that allows most Indian scripts. Google also offers

. Text from any of these scripts can be converted to any other scripts and vice versa. Whereas Google and Microsoft allow transliteration from Latin letters to Indic scripts.

Speech-to-Text

Voice Recognition

Apple Inc. added support for major Indian languages in Siri.^[23] Amazon's Alexa has support for Hindi and recognises major Indian languages partially.^[24] Google Assistant also has support for major Indian languages.^[25]

Internationalized Domain Names

Operating Systems

• Indus OS

Virtual Assistants

AI based Virtual Assistants Google Assistant provides support to various Indian languages.

Usage and Growth

According to

See also

• Indic Unicode
• Hindi Blogosphere
• Indian Blogosphere
• Clip font

References