Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith

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Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith
King of the
Thannuris
SpouseMariya
Issueal-Harith V
Fatheral-Harith IV ibn Hijr

Jabalah IV ibn al-Ḥārith (

Arabic: جبلة بن الحارث), known also by the tecnonymic Abū Shammar (أبو شمر), in Greek sources found as Gabalas (Γαβαλᾶς), was a ruler of the Ghassanids.[2] At first an enemy of the Eastern Roman Empire, he raided Palestine
but was defeated, becoming a Byzantine vassal in 502 until circa 520, and again in 527 until his death a year later.

Biography

Jabalah was the son of al-Harith (Arethas in Greek sources) and grandson of the

Palaestina III before being defeated and driven back by the local Byzantine dux, Romanus.[4][5][6] Romanus then proceeded to evict the Ghassanids from the island of Iotabe (modern Tiran), which controlled trade with the Red Sea and which had been occupied by the Arabs since 473. After a series of hard-fought engagements, the island returned to Byzantine control.[7]

In 502, Emperor Anastasius concluded a treaty of alliance with the

al-Hirah in July 513, is explicitly attributed to them.[10]

The Ghassanids settled deep inside the Byzantine

Monophysite Ghassanids withdrew from the alliance in c. 520 and retreated into the northern Hejaz.[12]

Not until the last year of Justin's reign was the alliance between Byzantium and the Ghassanids restored. Although the Ghassanids are not explicitly mentioned by the sources, the scholar

Flavius", which may have been awarded to Jabalah by the Emperor upon his return to Byzantine allegiance;[13] this identification, however, is not certain.[14] In 528, the Ghassanids took part in the conflict with Persia and her Lakhmid Arab allies, first in a punitive expedition against the Lakhmid ruler al-Mundhir, and then in the Battle of Thannuris under Belisarius's command, where Jabalah/Tapharas was killed when he fell from his horse.[15][16]

Family

Jabalah's wife appears to have been Māriya, who was according to Arabic tradition a famous Kindaite princess. From her, he had at least three sons: the famous al-Harith ibn Jabalah, the Arethas of the Byzantines, who succeeded him, Abu Karib who was phylarch of the province of Palaestina III, and, as is apparent from his tecnonymic, an older son named Shamir, about whom nothing is known.[17]

References

  1. ^ Shahîd 1995, pp. 12, 48.
  2. ^ Shahîd 1995, p. 69.
  3. ^ Shahîd 1995, pp. 5–7, 10–12.
  4. ^ a b Martindale 1980, p. 489.
  5. ^ Shahîd 1989, pp. 121, 125–127.
  6. ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 51.
  7. ^ Shahîd 1989, pp. 63–64, 86–87, 125–127, 206, 496.
  8. ^ Shahîd 1995, pp. 3–10.
  9. ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 52.
  10. ^ Shahîd 1995, pp. 12–15.
  11. ^ Shahîd 1995, pp. 33, 48–49.
  12. ^ Shahîd 1995, pp. 33–39.
  13. ^ Shahîd 1995, pp. 62–67.
  14. ^ cf. Whittow 1999, pp. 214–215.
  15. ^ Shahîd 1995, pp. 62–69, 174–175.
  16. ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 87.
  17. ^ Shahîd 1995, pp. 69–70.

Sources

  • Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
    ISBN 0-415-14687-9
    .
  • ISBN 0-521-20159-4
    .
  • ISBN 0-88402-152-1
    .
  • ISBN 978-0-88402-214-5
    .
  • ISBN 978-1-8878-2931-1
    .
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