Red Sea

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Coordinates: 22°N 38°E / 22°N 38°E / 22; 38
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is about the body of water between Asia and Africa. For other uses, see Red Sea (disambiguation).
Red Sea
Bab el Mandeb
Basin countries
Max. length2,250 km (1,400 mi)
Max. width355 km (221 mi)
Surface area438,000 km2 (169,000 sq mi)
Average depth490 m (1,610 ft)
Max. depth3,040 m (9,970 ft)
Water volume233,000 km3 (56,000 cu mi)
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). It is underlain by the Red Sea Rift, which is part of the Great Rift Valley.

The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km2 (169,000 sq mi),[1] is about 2,250 km (1,400 mi) long, and — at its widest point — 355 km (221 mi) wide. It has an average depth of 490 m (1,610 ft), and in the central Suakin Trough it reaches its maximum depth of 3,040 m (9,970 ft).[2]

Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (less than 100 m (330 ft) deep), and about 25% is less than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[not verified in body] The extensive shallow shelves are noted for their marine life and corals. More than 1,000 invertebrate species and 200 types of soft and hard coral live in the sea. The Red Sea is the world's northernmost tropical sea, and has been designated a Global 200 ecoregion.

Extent

The

Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island (27°57′N 34°36′E / 27.950°N 34.600°E / 27.950; 34.600) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinai Peninsula
]. On the South. A line joining Husn Murad (12°40′N 43°30′E / 12.667°N 43.500°E / 12.667; 43.500) and Ras Siyyan (12°29′N 43°20′E / 12.483°N 43.333°E / 12.483; 43.333).

Exclusive economic zone

Exclusive economic zones in Red Sea:[4]

Number Country Area (Km2)
1  Saudi Arabia 186,392
2  Sudan 92,513
3  Egypt 91,279
4  Eritrea 78,383
5  Yemen 35,861
6  Djibouti 7,037
Total Red Sea 491,465

Note: Hala'ib Triangle disputed between Sudan and Egypt and calculated for both.

Names

Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, Yemen

Red Sea has names in many languages (Modern

Amarigna: ቀይ ባሕሪ Qey Bahr; Sidama language: Duumo Baara; Tigrinya: ቀይሕ ባሕሪ Qeyih Bahri; Somali: Badda Cas; Afar
: "Qasa Bad" Afaan oromo:Galaana Diimaa). Red Sea is a direct translation of the
cardinal directions.[7] Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.[8]

The name in Hebrew Yam Suph (Hebrew: ים סוף, lit. 'Sea of Reeds') is of biblical origin. The name in Coptic: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ `ⲛϩⲁϩ Phiom Enhah ("Sea of Hah") is connected to Ancient Egyptian root ḥ-ḥ which refers to water and sea (for example the names of the Ogdoad gods Heh and Hauhet).[9]

Historically, it was also known to western geographers as Mare Mecca (Sea of Mecca), and Sinus Arabicus (Gulf of Arabia).[10] Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf[11] or Gulf of Arabia.[12]

The association of the Red Sea with the

Koine Greek in approximately the third century BC. In that version, the Yam Suph (Hebrew: ים סוף, lit.
 'Sea of Reeds') is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea).

The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms – the others being the Black Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea. The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean, and also to a region on Mars.

History

Ancient era

Ancient Egyptian expedition to the Land of Punt on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut

The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by ancient Egyptians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC (by Hatshepsut). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.[13]

The biblical Book of Exodus tells the account of the Israelites' crossing of the sea, which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph (Hebrew: יַם סוּף). Yam Suph was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. Rabbi Saadia Gaon (882‒942), in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as Baḥar al-Qulzum, meaning the Gulf of Suez.[14]

Settlements and commercial centres in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the spice trade, as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great, who was a prominent ruler of the Achaemenid Empire in Persia, undertook significant efforts to improve and extend navigation in the Red Sea. He sent reconnaissance missions to explore the Red Sea area and to identify its various navigational hazards, such as rocks and currents. This effort was significant, as it contributed to safer and more efficient navigation routes.[15]

In addition to the maritime explorations, during the reign of Darius the Great, a canal was constructed linking the Nile River to the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. This canal is sometimes referred to as the ancient Suez Canal. It played a pivotal role in improving trade and communication between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea, and beyond to the Indian Ocean. This canal was a predecessor to the modern Suez Canal, which was constructed in the 19th century and continues to be one of the world's most important waterways.[16]

The construction of the canal during Darius's reign is evidenced by ancient records, including inscriptions. Darius commemorated the completion of the canal by creating stelae (stone monuments) with inscriptions in several languages, describing the construction and its benefits. The canal not only facilitated trade but also solidified Darius's control over Egypt and enhanced the Achaemenid Empire's economic and political power in the region.

In the late 4th century BC,

Periplus of the Red Sea"), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.[17] The Periplus also describes how Hippalus
first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India.

The Red Sea was favored for

Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD.[18]
From antiquity until the 20th-century, the Red Sea was also a trade route of the Red Sea slave trade from Africa to the Middle East.[19]

Middle Ages and modern era

During the Middle Ages, the Red Sea was an important part of the spice trade route. In 1183, Raynald of Châtillon launched a raid down the Red Sea to attack the Muslim pilgrim convoys to Mecca.[20] The possibility that Raynald's fleet might sack the holy cities of Mecca and Medina caused fury throughout the Muslim world.[21] However, it appears that Reynald's target was the lightly armed Muslim pilgrim convoys, rather than the well guarded cities of Mecca and Medina, and the belief in the Muslim world that Reynald was seeking to sack the holy cities, due to the proximity of those cities to the areas that Raynald raided.[22]

In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal,

Bab al-Mandab, as the first fleet from Europe in modern times to have sailed these waters. Later in 1524 the city was delivered to Governor Heitor da Silveira as an agreement for protection from the Ottomans.[24]
In 1798,
Sweet Water Canal, but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. During the first half of the 20th-century, the Red Sea slave trade
attracted substantional international condemnation.

After the

Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six-Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable to piracy.[citation needed
]

Iranian-backed Yemini

Houthis have attacked Western ships, including warships, during the 2023-2024 Israel-Hamas war. One ship was hijacked and taken back to Yemen.[25]

Oceanography

Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm, viewed from the International Space Station[26]
This video over the south-eastern Mediterranean Sea and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station.

The Red Sea is between arid land,

semi-desert. Reef systems are better developed along the Red Sea mainly because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern. The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.[27]

The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two monsoon seasons: a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea. Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (660 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.[citation needed]

The

Thalassomonas loyana, the 'white plague' agent. Favia favus coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills T. loyana.[29]
Scientists are investigating the unique properties of these coral and their
commensal algae to see if they can be used to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.[30]

Salinity

The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation and low precipitation; no significant rivers or streams drain into the sea, and its southern connection to the

‰ in the southern part and 41 ‰ in the northern part around the Gulf of Suez, with an average of 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts).[32]

Tidal range

In general, tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area, the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi), whereas north of Jeddah in the Al-Kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeast winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–7 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.[citation needed]

Current

Detailed information regarding current data is lacking, partially because the currents are weak and both spatially and temporally variable. The variation of temporal and spatial currents is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft)[clarification needed] and are governed all by wind. During the summer, northwesterly winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is 50–60 cm/s (20–24 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft/s) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11 in/s).[citation needed]

Wind regime

The north part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west

direction with average speed generally increasing northward.[33]

Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea to transport material as suspension or as bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind-generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.[clarify][34]

Geology

Dust storm over the Red Sea

The Red Sea was formed by the

rift. Lake Asal in Djibouti is eligible as an experimental site to study the evolution of the deep hot brines of the Red Sea.[36] By observing the strontium isotope composition of the Red Sea brines, it is possible to deduce how these salt waters found at the bottom of the Red Sea could have evolved in a similar way to Lake Asal, which ideally represents their compositional extreme.[36] The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.[37][failed verification
]

Sometime during the

Bab el Mandeb
closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would have been:

A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007,

Jabal al-Tair island in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the Zubair Archipelago, a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013.[38][39][40]

Oil and gas

Undiscovered oil reserves in the region have been estimated at 5,041 MMBO. Undiscovered gas reserves in the region have been estimated at 112,349 BCFG. Undiscovered natural gas reserves have been estimated at 3,077 MMBNGL.[41] Most of these plays are controlled by the structure of the basin.[42] Normal faults are common as the Red Sea occupies an active diverging margin. These targets are commonly found below the Salt deposits of the middle Miocene.

Modern development is focused on the following fields. The Durwara 2 Field was discovered in 1963, while the Suakin 1 Field and the Bashayer 1A Field were discovered in 1976, on the Egyptian side of the Red Sea. The Barqan Field was discovered in 1969, and the Midyan Field in 1992, both within the Midyan Basin on the Saudi Arabian side of the Red Sea. The 20-m thick

Oil seeps occur near the Farasan Islands, the Dahlak Archipelago, along the coast of Eritrea, and in the southeastern Red Sea along the coasts of Saudi Arabia and Yemen.[43]

Mineral resources

Red Sea coast in Taba, Egypt

In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:

  • Biogenic constituents:
Nanofossils,
pteropods
, siliceous fossils
Tuffites, volcanic ash, montmorillonite, cristobalite, zeolites
  • Terrigenous constituents:
clay minerals
  • Authigenic minerals:
Sulfide minerals, aragonite, calcite, protodolomite, dolomite, quartz, chalcedony.
  • Evaporite minerals:
Magnesite, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, polyhalite
  • Brine precipitate:
Fe-montmorillonite, goethite, hematite, siderite, rhodochrosite, pyrite, sphalerite, anhydrite.

Ecosystem

Hawksbill sea turtle in the Elphinstone Reef
Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud

The Red Sea is a rich and diverse

1200 species of fish[44] have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else.[45] This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish.[44]

Red Sea coral and marine fish

The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of

salt marsh
.

It contains 175 species of nudibranch, many of which are only found in the Red Sea.[46]

The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area.

The special

Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving
enthusiasts.

snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans.[47][page needed
]

The U.N. is working to mitigate the threat from the FSO Safer, a derelict oil tanker off the coast of Yemen that could possibly cause an enormous ecological disaster in the Red Sea.[48]

The

brine pools Red Sea have been extensive studied in terms of their microbial life. The Red Sea brine pool microbiology
is characterized by its diversity and adaptation to extreme environments.

Desalination plants

There is extensive demand for desalinated water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.

There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm

anti-scalants) that bleach and kill corals and cause diseases in the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry.[49]

Trade

The Red Sea serves an important role in the

global economy, with cargo vessels traveling between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea every year, thus shortening the path between Asia and Europe almost by half (as compared to traveling around Africa via the Atlantic Ocean).[50] 12% of global trade passes through the Red Sea.[51] This includes 30% of global container traffic.[51]

Tourism

Hotels in Eilat, Israel

The sea is known for its

The Brothers, Daedalus Reef, St. John's Reef, Rocky Island in Egypt[52] and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh and Shaab Rumi
.

The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of

Sinaï, as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera
.

The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks, including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over-fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. The Red Sea Project is building highest quality accommodation and a wide range of facilities on the coast line in Saudi Arabia. This will allow people to visit the coastline of the Red Sea by the end of 2022 but will be fully finished by 2030.[54]

See also: 2016 Hurghada attack, 2017 Hurghada attack, 2006 Dahab bombings, 2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings, 2004 Sinai bombings, and Metrojet Flight 9268

Tourism to the region has been threatened by occasional terrorist attacks, and by incidents related to food safety standards.[55][56]

Security

See also: Red Sea crisis

The Red Sea is part of the

shipping traffic. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority, Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt, Jordan Maritime Authority, Israel Port Authority, Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan
.

Houthi rebels in Yemen have increased attacks on shipping vessels since mid-November 2023. The blocking of Israeli-linked ships was in response to Israel's war on Gaza. [51] In January 2024, it was reported that Red Sea shipping volumes have dropped to 30% of normal levels due to Houthi intervention.[57] In response, the US has announced a maritime coalition to defend shipping in the Red Sea for the Operation Prosperity Guardian.[51] In January 2024, US and British forces undertook dozens of air and sea strikes on Houthi targets in Yemen. US President Joe Biden reportedly authorized strikes, despite not having congressional approval. [58]

Bordering countries

A four color map of the Red Sea and its bordering countries

The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:

The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.

In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with them.[59][60]

Towns and cities

Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:

  • Ain Sokhna, Egypt (العين السخنة)
  • Al Hudaydah, Yemen (الحديدة)
  • Al Lith, Saudi Arabia (الليِّث)
  • Al Qunfudhah, Saudi Arabia (القنفذة)
  • Al-Qusair
    , Egypt (القصير)
  • Al Wajh, Saudi Arabia (الوجه)
  • Aqaba, Jordan (العقبة)
  • Asseb
    , Eritrea (ዓሰብ / عصب)
  • Dahab, Egypt (دهب)
  • Duba, Saudi Arabia (ضباء)
  • Eilat, Israel (אילת)
  • El Gouna, Egypt (الجونة)
  • El Tor, Egypt (الطور)
  • Suez, Egypt (السويس)
  • Hala'ib
    , Egypt and Sudan (حلايب) (disputed)
  • Haql, Saudi Arabia (حقل)
  • Hirgigo
    , Eritrea (ሕርጊጎ / حرقيقو)
  • Hurghada, Egypt (الغردقة)
  • Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (جدة)
  • Jazan, Saudi Arabia (جازان)
  • Marsa Alam, Egypt (مرسى علم)
  • Massawa, Eritrea (ምጽዋዕ / مصوع)
  • Mokha, Yemen (المُخا)
  • Moulhoule, Djibouti (مول هولة)
  • Nuweiba, Egypt (نويبع)
  • Port Sudan, Sudan (بورت سودان)
  • Rabigh, Saudi Arabia (رابغ)
  • Safaga, Egypt (سفاجا)
  • Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt (شرم الشيخ)
  • Soma Bay, Egypt (سوما باي)
  • Suakin, Sudan (سواكن)
  • Taba
    , Egypt (طابا)
  • Thuwal, Saudi Arabia (ثول)
  • Yanbu, Saudi Arabia (ينبع)

See also

Notes

References

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Further reading

External links

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