Jacques Hadamard
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Jacques Salomon Hadamard
Biography
The son of a teacher, Amédée Hadamard, of
Picard. He obtained his doctorate in 1892 and in the same year was awarded the Grand Prix des Sciences Mathématiques for his essay on the Riemann zeta function
.
In 1892 Hadamard married Louise-Anna Trénel, also of Jewish descent, with whom he had three sons and two daughters. The following year he took up a lectureship in the
Prix Poncelet
in 1898.
After the
In 1897 he moved back to Paris, holding positions in the
mathematical education
.
Hadamard was elected to the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1929. He visited the Soviet Union
in 1930 and 1934 and China in 1936 at the invitation of Soviet and Chinese mathematicians.
Hadamard stayed in France at the beginning of the
Second World War and escaped to southern France in 1940. The Vichy government permitted him to leave for the United States in 1941 and he obtained a visiting position at Columbia University
in New York. He moved to London in 1944 and returned to France when the war ended in 1945.
Hadamard was awarded an honorary doctorate (
CNRS Gold medal
for his lifetime achievements in 1956. He died in Paris in 1963, aged ninety-seven.
Hadamard's students included
.On creativity
In his book Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field,mental images that represent the entire solution to a problem. He surveyed 100 of the leading physicists of the day (approximately 1900), asking them how they did their work.
Hadamard described the experiences of the mathematicians/theoretical physicists Carl Friedrich Gauss, Hermann von Helmholtz, Henri Poincaré and others as viewing entire solutions with "sudden spontaneousness".[6]: 13–16
Hadamard described the process as having four steps of the five-step Graham Wallas creative process model, with the first three also having been put forth by Helmholtz:[6]: 56 Preparation, Incubation, Illumination, and Verification. [ Wallas' five stages added "Intimation" prior to Illumination, a sudden feeling of being about to find the solution to a problem. [11] ]
Publications
- An Essay on the Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field. Princeton University Press, 1945;ISBN 0-691-02931-8, Online
- Le problème de Cauchy et les équations aux dérivées partielles linéaires hyperboliques, Hermann 1932[13] (Lectures given at Yale, Eng. trans. Lectures on Cauchy's problem in linear partial differential equations, Yale University Press, Oxford University Press 1923, Reprint Dover 2003)
- La série de Taylor et son prolongement analytique, 2nd edn., Gauthier-Villars 1926
- La théorie des équations aux dérivées partielles, Peking, Editions Scientifiques, 1964
- Leçons sur le calcul des variations, Vol. 1, Paris, Hermann 1910,[14] Online
- Leçons sur la propagation des ondes et les équations de l'hydrodynamique, Paris, Hermann 1903,[15] Online
- Four lectures on Mathematics, delivered at Columbia University 1911, Columbia University Press 1915[16] (1. The definition of solutions of linear partial differential equations by boundary conditions, 2. Contemporary researches in differential equations, integral equations and integro-differential equations, 3. Analysis Situs in connection with correspondences and differential equations, 4. Elementary solutions of partial differential equations and Greens functions), Online
- Leçons de géométrie élémentaire, 2 vols., Paris, Colin, 1898,[17] 1906 (Eng. trans: Lessons in Geometry, American Mathematical Society 2008), Vol. 1, Vol. 2
- Cours d'analyse professé à l'École polytechnique, 2 vols., Paris, Hermann 1925/27, 1930 (Vol. 1:[18] Compléments de calcul différentiel, intégrales simples et multiples, applications analytiques et géométriques, équations différentielles élémentaires, Vol. 2:[19] Potentiel, calcul des variations, fonctions analytiques, équations différentielles et aux dérivées partielles, calcul des probabilités)
- Essai sur l'étude des fonctions données par leur développement de Taylor. Étude sur les propriétés des fonctions entières et en particulier d'une fonction considérée par Riemann, 1893, Online
- "Étude sur les propriétés des fonctions entières et en particulier d'une fonction considérée par Riemann". Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées: 171–216. 1893.
- Sur la distribution des zéros de la fonction et ses conséquences arithmétiques, Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, Vol. 24, 1896, pp. 199–220 Online
- Hadamard, Jacques (2003) [1923], Lectures on Cauchy's problem in linear partial differential equations, Dover Phoenix editions, Dover Publications, New York, MR 0051411
- Hadamard, Jacques (1999) [1951], Non-Euclidean geometry in the theory of automorphic functions, History of Mathematics, vol. 17, Providence, R.I.: MR 1723250
- Hadamard, Jacques (2008) [1947], Lessons in geometry. I, Providence, R.I.: MR 2463454
- Hadamard, Jacques (1968), Fréchet, M.; Lévy, P.; Mandelbrojt, S.; et al. (eds.), Œuvres de Jacques Hadamard. Tomes I, II, III, IV, Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, MR 0230598
See also
References
- S2CID 162244074.
- .
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Jacques Hadamard", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews. "Jacques Hadamard (1865 - 1963) - Biography - MacTutor History of Mathematics". Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Jacques Hadamard at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- MR 0179049.
- ^ ISBN 0-486-20107-4.
- S2CID 122781052. p. 66:
Hermite loved to direct to me remarks such as: 'He who strays from the paths traced by Providence crashes.' These were the words of a profoundly religious man, but an atheist like me understood them very well[.]
- "Hadamard on Hermite". MacTutor. March 2006.
- ISBN 978-0-8218-1923-4.
- ^ "Jacques S. Hadamard (1865–1963)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
- ^ "United States". The Times. No. 36594. London. 24 October 1901. p. 3.
- ^ Anand, Shafali R. (3 January 2012). "The Wallas Stage Model of Creativity". Retrieved 24 January 2024.
The Wallas Stage Model of Creativity divides the process of creative thinking into 5 stages. These stages are Preparation, Incubation, Intimation, Illumination, and Verification.
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Further reading
- Mandelbrojt, S. (1970–1980). "Hadamard, Jacques". ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
- ISBN 0-8218-0841-9.
- ISBN 0821819232
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Jacques Hadamard.
Media related to Jacques Hadamard at Wikimedia Commons
French Wikisource has original text related to this article: Jacques Hadamard- Works by Jacques Hadamard at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Jacques Hadamard at Internet Archive
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