James Smithson
James Smithson mineralogist | |
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Known for | Founding donor of the Smithsonian Institution |
James Smithson
Born in Paris, France, as the illegitimate child of Elizabeth Hungerford Keate Macie[2] and Hugh Percy (born Hugh Smithson), the 1st Duke of Northumberland, he was given the French name Jacques-Louis Macie. His birth date was not recorded and the exact location of his birth is unknown; it is possibly in the Pentemont Abbey.[3] Shortly after his birth he naturalized to Britain where his name was anglicized to James Louis Macie. He adopted his father's original surname of Smithson in 1800, following his mother's death. He attended university at Pembroke College, Oxford in 1782, eventually graduating with a Master of Arts in 1786. As a student he participated in a geological expedition to Scotland and studied chemistry and mineralogy. Highly regarded for his blowpipe analysis and his ability to work in miniature, Smithson spent much of his life traveling extensively throughout Europe; he published some 27 papers in his life.[4]
Smithson never married and had no children; therefore, when he wrote his will, he left his estate to his nephew, or his nephew's family if his nephew died before Smithson. If his nephew were to die without heirs, however, Smithson's will stipulated that his estate be used "to found in Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men". He died in Genoa, Italy, on 27 June 1829, aged 64. Six years later, in 1835, his nephew died without heir, setting in motion the bequest to the United States. In this way Smithson became the patron of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., despite having never visited the United States.
Early life
James Smithson was born in c. 1765 to
James was educated and eventually
Smithson was
In 1766, his mother had inherited from the
Scientific work
Smithson's research work was eclectic. He studied subjects ranging from coffee making to the use of
His first paper was presented at the Royal Society on 7 July 1791, "An Account of Some Chemical Experiments on Tabasheer".[14] Tabasheer is a substance used in traditional Indian medicine and derived from material collected inside bamboo culms. The samples that Macie analysed had been sent by Patrick Russell, physician-naturalist in India.[15]
In 1802 he read his second paper, "A Chemical Analysis of Some Calamines," at the Royal Society. It was published in the
He explored and examined
Smithson is credited with first using the word "
Later life and death
Smithson died in
Henry Hungerford died on 5 June 1835, unmarried and leaving behind no children, and the United States was the recipient.[19][20] In his will, Smithson explained the Smithsonian mission:
I then bequeath the whole of my property, . . . to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase & diffusion of knowledge among men.[19]
Legacy and the Smithsonian
Later in the year of his death the United States government was informed about the bequest when
On 24 February 1847 the Board of Regents, which oversaw the creation of the Smithsonian, approved the seal for the institution. The seal, based on an
The circumstances of his birth seem to have created in him a desire for posthumous fame, although he had established quite a reputation in the scientific community and lived proud of his descent.[32] Smithson once wrote:
The best blood of England flows in my veins. On my father's side I am a Northumberland, on my mother's I am related to kings; but this avails me not. My name shall live in the memory of man when the titles of the Northumberlands and the Percys are extinct and forgotten.[33]
Relocation of Smithson's remains to Washington
Smithson was buried in Sampierdarena,
The cemetery where Smithson rested was going to be moved in 1905, for the expansion of an adjacent quarry. In response, Alexander Graham Bell, then a regent of the Smithsonian, proposed that Smithson's remains be moved to the Smithsonian Institution Building; in 1903, he and his wife, Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, traveled to Genoa to exhume the body. A steamship departed Genoa on 7 January 1904 with the remains and arrived in Hoboken, New Jersey on 20 January, where they were transferred to the USS Dolphin (PG-24) for the trip to Washington.
On 25 January a ceremony was held in Washington, D.C., and the body was escorted by the
When handing over the remains to the Smithsonian, Bell stated: "And now... my mission is ended and I deliver into your hands ... the remains of this great benefactor of the United States.” The coffin then lay in state in the Board of Regents' room, where objects from Smithson's personal collection were on display.Memorial
After the arrival of Smithson's remains, the Board of Regents asked Congress to fund a memorial. Artists and architects were solicited to create proposals for the monument. Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Louis Saint-Gaudens, Gutzon Borglum, Totten & Rogers, Henry Bacon, and Hornblower & Marshall were some of the many artists and architectural firms who submitted proposals. The proposals varied in design, from elaborate monumental tombs that, if built, would have been bigger than the Lincoln Memorial, to smaller monuments just outside the Smithsonian Castle. Congress decided not to fund the memorial. To accommodate the fact that the Smithsonian would have to fund the memorial, they used the design of Gutzon Borglum, which suggested a remodel of the south tower room of the Smithsonian Castle to house the memorial surrounded by four Corinthian columns and a vaulted ceiling. Instead of the tower room, a smaller room (at the time it was the janitor's closet) at the north entrance would house an Italian-style sarcophagus.[35]
On 8 December 1904 the Italian crypt was shipped, in sixteen crates from Italy. It travelled on the same ship that the remains of Smithson travelled on. Architecture firm Hornblower & Marshall designed the mortuary chapel, which included marble
References
- ^ "Smithsonian History, James Smithson". Smithsonian Institution Archives Website. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- ^ Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- ISBN 9781408820759.
- ^ a b c Colquhoun, Kate (31 May 2007). "A very British pioneer". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ a b Goode, George Brown (1897). Birth of James Smithson. New York: De Vinne Press. pp. 1, 9.
- ^ As early as December 1800, Macie began using the name Smithson, by signing the Royal Society of London visitor register as James Smithson.
- Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ "James Smithson Enrolls at Oxford". Record Unit 7000, Box 5. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ Goode, George Brown (1880). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. pp. 10–11.
- ^ Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 10.
- ^ "Smithson Held as a Prisoner of War". James Smithson Collection, 1796–1951. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ a b c Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 22.
- ^ His mother married him in the autumn of 1768, see Dickenson v. Macie (London, 1771), The Law Library, volume XXII, Philadelphia, 1838.
- ^ a b Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 11.
- S2CID 186214539.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: Di Vinne Press. pp. 12–13.
- ^ Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. pp. 13–14.
- ^ a b Rhees, William Jones (1901). The Smithsonian Institution: Documents Relative to Its Origin and History: 1835–1899, Vol. 1, 1835–1887. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 13.
- ^ a b c Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. pp. 19–21.
- ^ Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 25.
- ^ Rhees, William Jones (1901). The Smithsonian Institution: Documents Relative to Its Origin and History: 1835–1899, Vol. 1, 1835–1887. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 8–9.
- ^ Rhees, William Jones (1901). The Smithsonian Institution: Documents Relative to Its Origin and History: 1835–1899, Vol. 1, 1835–1887. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 125.
- ^ a b "Smithson's Legacy and Effects Arrive in NY". Chronology of Smithsonian History. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- ^ Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 30.
- ^ Rhees, William Jones (1901). The Smithsonian Institution: Documents Relative to Its Origin and History: 1835–1899, Vol. 1, 1835–1887. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 116–117.
- ^ Rhees, William J. (1879). Journals of the Proceedings of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1846–76, Reports of Committees, Statistics, Etc. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 445–446.
- ^ a b Stamm, Richard E. "The Italian Grave Site". Mr. Smithson Goes to Washington And the Search for a Proper Memorial. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ "A Man of Science". From Smithson to Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ "Purchase of Smithson Portrait". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ "Smithson Portrait and Papers Purchased". Record Unit 7000, Box 3, Folder 7. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ "Smithson Artifacts Obtained from de la Batut". Record Unit 7000, p. Box 3, Folder 7. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography, Vol. V, Pag. 598. D. Appleton & CO., New York, 1887.
- ^ Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. LIII, Pag. 173. Edited by Sidney Lee. Smith, Elder & CO, London 1898, The Macmillan CO.
- ^ Stamm, Richard E. "The Exhumation and Journey to America". Mr. Smithson Goes to Washington. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ Stamm, Richard E. "The Search for a Proper Memorial". Mr. Smithson Goes to Washington. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ Stamm, Richard E. "Smithson's Crypt". Mr. Smithson Goes to Washington. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
Further reading
- Works by James Smithson
- Works about James Smithson
- The Philanthropy Hall of Fame, James Smithson Archived 22 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Articles
- Bird Jr., William L., William L. Bird, Jr. "A Suggestion Concerning James Smithson's Concept of 'Increase and Diffusion.'" Technology and Culture Vol. 24 No. 2 (April 1983): 246–255.
- Burleigh, Nina (Summer 2012). "Digging Up James Smithson: Alexander Graham Bell traveled to Italy at the turn of the 20th century on an audacious mission to rescue the remains of the man whose legacy endowed the Smithsonian Institution". American Heritage. 62 (2).
- CNN, "How a Mysterious Englishman's Fortune Founded the Smithsonian". 8 May 2000. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
- Larner, Jesse (21 December 2003). "Foreign Motivations: How a Former President and an English Scientist Gave Us the Smithsonian (review of Nina Burleigh's The Stranger and the Statesman)". San Francisco Chronicle.
Books
- Bello, Mark; William Schulz; Madeleine Jacobs; Alvin Rosenfeld (eds.) (1993). The Smithsonian Institution, a World of Discovery : An Exploration of Behind-the-Scenes Research in the Arts, Sciences, and Humanities. Washington, D.C.: Distributed by Smithsonian Institution Press for Smithsonian Office of Public Affairs. )
- Bolton, Henry Carrington (1896). The Smithsonian Institution : Its Origin, Growth, and Activities. New York, N.Y.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 0-06-000241-7.
- Ewing, Heather (2007). The Lost World of James Smithson : Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian. USA: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-59691-029-4.
- Goode, George Brown, ed. (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896 : The History of its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.
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ISBN 0-405-12584-4. - Gurney, Gene (1964). The Smithsonian Institution, a Picture Story of its Buildings, Exhibits, and Activities. New York, N.Y.: Crown.
- Hellman, Geoffrey T. (1966). The Smithsonian : octopus on the Mall. Philadelphia; New York: J.B. Lippincott Company.
- Karp, Walter (1965). The Smithsonian Institution; an Establishment for the Increase & Diffusion of Knowledge among Men. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Rhees, William Jones (comp. & ed.) (1901). The Smithsonian Institution : Documents Relative to its Origin and History, 1835–1889. Washington, D.C.: G.P.O. Reprinted as Rhees, William Jones, ed. (1980). The Smithsonian Institution, 1835–1899 (2 vols.). New York, N.Y.: Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-12583-6.
External links
- Smithson's story and will Smithsonian Institution
- Smithson's biographical details from the Royal Society of London
- Smithson's Library at the Smithsonian Institution Libraries
- James Smithson at LibraryThing by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries
- Remembering James Smithson Archived 30 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine from Around the Mall