James Stirling (mathematician)

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James Stirling
Born11 May[1] O.S. 1692[2][3]
Died5 December 1770 (aged 78)
Resting placeGreyfriars Kirkyard
NationalityScottish
Known for
Scientific career
Fields

James Stirling (11 May[4] O.S. 1692,[5][6] Garden, Stirlingshire – 5 December 1770, Edinburgh) was a Scottish mathematician. He was nicknamed "The Venetian".

The Stirling numbers, Stirling permutations, and Stirling's approximation are named after him. He also proved the correctness of Isaac Newton's classification of cubic plane curves.[7]

Biography

Stirling's grave in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh, general view. It is the small plate between the two large tablets.
Stirling's grave in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh, detail
Plaque to the Stirlings of Garden, Dunblane Cathedral

Stirling was born on 11 May 1692[8] O.S. at Garden House near Stirling, the third son of Archibald Stirling (1651-1715) and Anna Hamilton, and grandson of Archibald Stirling, Lord Garden, (1617-1668).[9]

At 18 years of age he went to

Gathering of the Brig o' Turk
" in 1708.

From Oxford he made his way to Venice, where he occupied himself as a professor of mathematics. In 1717 appeared his Lineae tertii ordinis Newtonianae, sive . . . (8vo, Oxford). While in Venice, also, he communicated, through

glassmakers
of Venice, he returned with Newton's help to London about the year 1725.

In London he remained for ten years, being most part of the time connected with an academy in Tower Street, and devoting his leisure to mathematics and correspondence with eminent mathematicians. In 1730 his most important work was published, the Methodus differentialis, sive tractatus de summatione et interpolatione serierum infinitarum (4to, London), which is something more than an expansion of the paper of 1718. In 1735, he communicated to the Royal Society a paper "On the Figure of the Earth, and on the Variation of the Force of Gravity at its Surface."

In the same year he was appointed manager for the Scots Mining Company at Leadhills, where the Scots Mining Company House was built for him in 1736.[10] His next paper to the Royal Society was concerned, not with pure but with applied sciences; specifically, a trompe, i.e., a water-powered air compressor that was used by a Scottish lead mine.[11] His name is also connected with another practical undertaking, since grown to vast dimensions. The accounts of the city of Glasgow for 1752 show that the very first instalment of ten million sterling spent in making Glasgow a seaport (a sum of £28, 4s. 4d.), was for a silver tea-kettle to be presented to "James Stirling, mathematician, for his service, pains, and trouble in surveying the river towards deepening it by locks."

Another edition of the Lineae tertii ordinis was published in Paris in 1797; another edition of the Methodus differentialis in London in 1764; and a translation of the latter into English by Halliday in London in 1749. A considerable collection of literary remains, consisting of papers, letters and two manuscript volumes of a treatise on weights and measures, are still preserved at Garden.

Notes

  1. ^ Monument to the Stirlings of Garden, Dunblane Cathedral
  2. ^ Algebraic number theory by Richard A. Mollin
  3. ^ Bibmath.net Archived 10 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Monument to the Stirlings of Garden, Dunblane Cathedral
  5. ^ Algebraic number theory by Richard A. Mollin
  6. ^ Bibmath.net Archived 10 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Conics and Cubics, Richard Bix, 2nd edition, Springer Verlag UTM, 2006.
  8. ^ Monument to the Stirlings of Garden, Dunblane Cathedral
  9. ISSN 1866-7414
    .
  10. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Scots Mining Company House... (Category A Listed Building) (LB732)". Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  11. .

See also

References

Methodus differentialis, 1764
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Stirling, James". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This work in turn cites:
    • WP. Fraser, The Stirlings of Keir, and their Family Papers, (Edinburgh, 1858)
    • "Modern History of Leadhills", in
      Gentleman's Magazine
      (June 1853)
    • Brewster, Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton, ii. 300, 307, 411, 516
    • J. Nicol, Vital Statistics of Glasgow (1881–1885), p. 70
    • Glasgow Herald, 5 August 1886

External links