Scotland
Scotland Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic ) | ||
---|---|---|
Anthem: | ||
Religion (2022)[2] | List
| |
Demonym(s) | Scottish • Scots | |
Government | Devolved parliamentary legislature within a constitutional monarchy | |
• Monarch | Charles III | |
John Swinney | ||
Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
• Secretary of State | Ian Murray | |
• House of Commons | 57 MPs (of 650) | |
Legislature | Scottish Parliament | |
Formation | ||
9th century (traditionally 843) | ||
17 March 1328 | ||
3 October 1357[3] | ||
1 May 1707 | ||
19 November 1998 | ||
Area | ||
• Total[b] | 80,231 km2 (30,977 sq mi)[4] | |
• Land[a] | 77,901 km2 (30,078 sq mi)[4] | |
Population | ||
• 2022 census | ![]() | |
• Density | 70/km2 (181.3/sq mi)[5] | |
GVA | 2022 estimate | |
• Total | £165.7 billion | |
• Per capita | £30,419[6] | |
GB-SCT | ||
Internet TLD | .scot[d] |
Scotland
The
The country has its own distinct
The mainland of Scotland is broadly divided into three regions: the Highlands, a mountainous region in the north and north-west; the Lowlands, a flatter plain across the centre of the country; and the Southern Uplands, a hilly region along the southern border. The Highlands are the most mountainous region of the British Isles and contain its highest peak, Ben Nevis, at 4,413 feet (1,345 m).[10] The region also contains many lakes, called lochs; the term is also applied to the many saltwater inlets along the country's deeply indented western coastline. The geography of the many islands is varied. Some, such as Mull and Skye, are noted for their mountainous terrain, while the likes of Tiree and Coll are much flatter.
Etymology
Scotland comes from
History
Prehistory
Prehistoric Scotland, before the arrival of the Roman Empire, was culturally divergent.[27]
Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land mass of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of
: 38Early history

The first written reference to Scotland was in 320 BC by Greek sailor Pytheas, who called the northern tip of Britain "Orcas", the source of the name of the Orkney islands.[29]: 10
Most of modern Scotland was not incorporated into the Roman Empire, and Roman control over parts of the area fluctuated over a rather short period. The first Roman incursion into Scotland was in 79 AD, when Agricola invaded Scotland; he defeated a Caledonian army at the Battle of Mons Graupius in 83 AD.[29]: 12 After the Roman victory, Roman forts were briefly set along the Gask Ridge close to the Highland line, but by three years after the battle, the Roman armies had withdrawn to the Southern Uplands.[32] Remains of Roman forts established in the 1st century have been found as far north as the Moray Firth.[33] By the reign of the Roman emperor Trajan (r. 98–117), Roman control had lapsed to Britain south of a line between the River Tyne and the Solway Firth.[34] Along this line, Trajan's successor Hadrian (r. 117–138) erected Hadrian's Wall in northern England[29]: 12 and the Limes Britannicus became the northern border of the Roman Empire.[35][36] The Roman influence on the southern part of the country was considerable, and they introduced Christianity to Scotland.[29]: 13–14 [31]: 38
The

To the Roman historians
The
Kingdom of Scotland
Beginning in the sixth century, the area that is now Scotland was divided into three areas:
Gaelic influence over Pictland and Northumbria was facilitated by the large number of
In the ninth century, the Norse threat allowed a Gael named
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, much of Scotland was under the control of a single ruler. Initially, Gaelic culture predominated, but immigrants from France, England and Flanders steadily created a more diverse society, with the Gaelic language starting to be replaced by Scots; and a modern nation-state emerged from this. At the end of this period, war against England started the growth of a
Wars of Scottish Independence

The death of Alexander III in March 1286 broke the succession line of Scotland's kings. Edward I of England arbitrated between various claimants for the Scottish crown. In return for surrendering Scotland's nominal independence, John Balliol was pronounced king in 1292.[41]: 47 [46] In 1294, Balliol and other Scottish lords refused Edward's demands to serve in his army against the French. Scotland and France sealed a treaty on 23 October 1295, known as the Auld Alliance. War ensued, and John was deposed by Edward who took personal control of Scotland. Andrew Moray and William Wallace initially emerged as the principal leaders of the resistance to English rule in the Wars of Scottish Independence,[47] until Robert the Bruce was crowned king of Scotland in 1306.[48] Victory at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 proved the Scots had regained control of their kingdom. In 1320 the world's first documented declaration of independence, the Declaration of Arbroath, won the support of Pope John XXII, leading to the legal recognition of Scottish sovereignty by the English Crown.[49]: 70, 72
A civil war between the
Union of the Crowns
The
In 1603, James VI, King of Scots inherited the thrones of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland in the Union of the Crowns, and moved to London.[55] This was a personal union as despite having the same monarch the kingdoms retained their separate parliaments, laws and other institutions. The first Union Jack was designed at James's behest, to be flown in addition to the St Andrew's Cross on Scots vessels at sea. James VI and I intended to create a single kingdom of Great Britain, but was thwarted in his attempt to do so by the Parliament of England, which supported the wrecking proposal that a full legal union be sought instead, a proposal to which the Scots Parliament would not assent, causing the king to withdraw the plan.[56]
Except for a short period under
After the execution of the Scottish king at
Treaty of Union

After another proposal from the English House of Lords was rejected in 1695, and a further Lords motion was voted down in the House of Commons in 1700, the Parliament of Scotland again rejected union in 1702.[59] The failure of the Darien Scheme bankrupted the landowners who had invested, though not the burghs. Nevertheless, the nobles' bankruptcy, along with the threat of an English invasion, played a leading role in convincing the Scots elite to back a union with England.[60][61] On 22 July 1706, the Treaty of Union was agreed between representatives of the Scots Parliament and the Parliament of England. The following year, twin Acts of Union were passed by both parliaments to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain with effect from 1 May 1707[62] with popular opposition and anti-union riots in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and elsewhere.[63][64] The union also created the Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England, which rejected proposals from the Parliament of Ireland that the third kingdom be incorporated in the union.[59]

The passing of the Treaty of Union did not bring about immediate economic prosperity to Scotland as was widely speculated by the
In the Highlands, clan chiefs gradually started to think of themselves more as commercial landlords than leaders of their people. These social and economic changes included the first phase of the Highland Clearances and, ultimately, the demise of clanship.[70]: 32–53, passim
Industrial age and the Scottish Enlightenment
The Scottish Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution turned Scotland into an intellectual, commercial and industrial powerhouse[71] — so much so Voltaire said "We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilisation."[72] With the demise of Jacobitism and the advent of the Union, thousands of Scots, mainly Lowlanders, took up numerous positions of power in politics, civil service, the army and navy, trade, economics, colonial enterprises and other areas across the nascent British Empire. Historian Neil Davidson notes "after 1746 there was an entirely new level of participation by Scots in political life, particularly outside Scotland." Davidson also states "far from being 'peripheral' to the British economy, Scotland – or more precisely, the Lowlands – lay at its core."[73]
The
While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century,
World wars and Scotland Act 1998

Scotland played a major role in the
During the Second World War, Scotland was targeted by Nazi Germany largely due to its factories, shipyards, and coal mines.[91] Cities such as Glasgow and Edinburgh were targeted by German bombers, as were smaller towns mostly located in the central belt of the country.[91] Perhaps the most significant air raid in Scotland was the Clydebank Blitz of March 1941, which intended to destroy naval shipbuilding in the area.[92] 528 people were killed and 4,000 homes destroyed.[92] Perhaps Scotland's most unusual wartime episode occurred in 1941 when Rudolf Hess flew to Renfrewshire, possibly intending to broker a peace deal through the Duke of Hamilton.[93] Before his departure from Germany, Hess had given his adjutant, Karlheinz Pintsch, a letter addressed to Adolf Hitler that detailed his intentions to open peace negotiations with the British. Pintsch delivered the letter to Hitler at the Berghof around noon on 11 May.[94] Albert Speer later said Hitler described Hess's departure as one of the worst personal blows of his life, as he considered it a personal betrayal.[95] Hitler worried that his allies, Italy and Japan, would perceive Hess's act as an attempt by Hitler to secretly open peace negotiations with the British.

After 1945, Scotland's economic situation worsened due to overseas competition, inefficient industry, and industrial disputes.
Following a
21st century
The
The pro-
Since the 2014 referendum, events such as the UK leaving the European Union, despite a majority of voters in Scotland voting to remain a member, have led to calls for a second independence referendum. In 2022, the Lord Advocate Dorothy Bain argued the case for the Scottish Government to hold another referendum on the issue, with the Supreme Court later ruling against the argument.[109] Following the Supreme Court decision, the Scottish Government stated that it wished to make amendments to the Scotland Act 1998 that would allow a referendum to be held.[110][111]
Geography and natural history

The mainland of Scotland comprises the northern third of the land mass of the island of Great Britain, which lies off the northwest coast of Continental Europe. The total area is 30,977 square miles (80,231 km2) with a land area of 30,078 square miles (77,901 km2),[4] comparable to the size of the Czech Republic. Scotland's only land border is with England, and runs for 96 miles (154 km) between the basin of the River Tweed on the east coast and the Solway Firth in the west. The Atlantic Ocean borders the west coast and the North Sea is to the east. The island of Ireland lies only 13 miles (21 km) from the south-western peninsula of Kintyre;[112] Norway is 190 miles (305 km) to the northeast and the Faroe Islands, 168 miles (270 km) to the north.
The territorial extent of Scotland is generally that established by the 1237
The geographical
Geology and geomorphology

The whole of Scotland was covered by ice sheets during the
The
A significant exception to the above are the fossil-bearing beds of
The
The
Climate

The climate of most of Scotland is
The west of Scotland is usually warmer than the east, owing to the influence of Atlantic
Flora and fauna
Scotland's wildlife is typical of the north-west of Europe, although several of the larger mammals such as the lynx, brown bear, wolf, elk and walrus were hunted to extinction in historic times. There are important populations of seals and internationally significant nesting grounds for a variety of seabirds such as gannets.[132] The golden eagle is something of a national icon.[133]
On the high mountain tops, species including
The flora of the country is varied incorporating both
Demographics
Population

During the 1820s, many Scots migrated from Scotland to countries such as Australia, the United States and Canada, principally from the Highlands which remained poor in comparison to elsewhere in Scotland.[149] The Highlands was the only part of mainland Britain with a recurrent famine.[150] A small range of products were exported from the region, which had negligible industrial production and a continued population growth that tested the subsistence agriculture. These problems, and the desire to improve agriculture and profits were the driving forces of the ongoing Highland Clearances, in which many of the population of the Highlands suffered eviction as lands were enclosed, principally so that they could be used for sheep farming. The first phase of the clearances followed patterns of agricultural change throughout Britain. The second phase was driven by overpopulation, the Highland Potato Famine and the collapse of industries that had relied on the wartime economy of the Napoleonic Wars.[151]
The population of Scotland grew steadily in the 19th century, from 1,608,000 in the census of 1801 to 2,889,000 in 1851 and 4,472,000 in 1901.[152] Even with the development of industry, there were not enough good jobs. As a result, during the period 1841–1931, about 2 million Scots migrated to North America and Australia, and another 750,000 Scots relocated to England.[153] Caused by the advent of refrigeration and imports of lamb, mutton and wool from overseas, the 1870s brought with them a collapse of sheep prices and an abrupt halt in the previous sheep farming boom.[154]
Scotland is the most sparsely populated country of the United Kingdom.[155][156] In August 2012, the Scottish population reached an all-time high of 5.25 million people.[157] The reasons given were that, in Scotland, births were outnumbering the number of deaths, and immigrants were moving to Scotland from overseas. In 2011, 43,700 people moved from Wales, Northern Ireland or England to live in Scotland.[157] The most recent census in Scotland was conducted by the Scottish Government and the National Records of Scotland in March 2022.[158] The population of Scotland at the 2022 Census was 5,436,600, the highest ever,[158] beating the previous record of 5,295,400 at the 2011 Census. It was 5,062,011 at the 2001 Census.[159] An ONS estimate for mid-2021 was 5,480,000.[160] In the 2011 Census, 62% of Scotland's population stated their national identity as 'Scottish only', 18% as 'Scottish and British', 8% as 'British only', and 4% chose 'other identity only'.[161]
Throughout its history, Scotland has long had a tradition of migration from Scotland and immigration into Scotland. In 2021, the Scottish Government released figures showing that an estimated 41,000 people had immigrated from other international countries into Scotland, while an average of 22,100 people had migrated from Scotland.[162] Scottish Government data from 2002 shows that by 2021, there had been a sharp increase in immigration to Scotland, with 2002 estimates standing at 27,800 immigrants. While immigration had increased from 2002, migration from Scotland had dropped, with 2002 estimates standing at 26,200 people migrating from Scotland.[163]
Urbanisation
Although Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, the largest city is Glasgow, which has just over 584,000 inhabitants. The Greater Glasgow conurbation, with a population of almost 1.2 million, is home to nearly a quarter of Scotland's population.[164] The Central Belt is where most of the main towns and cities of Scotland are located, including Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee, and Perth. Scotland's only major city outside the Central Belt is Aberdeen. The Scottish Lowlands host 80% of the total population, where the Central Belt accounts for 3.5 million people.
In general, only the more accessible and larger islands remain inhabited. Currently, fewer than 90 remain inhabited. The Southern Uplands is essentially rural and dominated by agriculture and forestry.[165][166] Because of housing problems in Glasgow and Edinburgh, five new towns were designated between 1947 and 1966. They are East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Cumbernauld, Livingston, and Irvine.[167]
The largest council area by population is Glasgow City, with Highland being the largest in terms of geographical area.
Rank | Name
|
Council area
|
Pop. | Rank | Name
|
Council area
|
Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Glasgow ![]() Edinburgh |
1 | Glasgow | Glasgow City | 632,350 | 11 | Kirkcaldy | Fife | 50,370 | ![]() Aberdeen ![]() Dundee |
2 | Edinburgh | City of Edinburgh | 506,520 | 12 | Inverness | Highland | 47,790 | ||
3 | Aberdeen | Aberdeen | 198,590 | 13 | Perth | Perth and Kinross | 47,350 | ||
4 | Dundee | Dundee City | 148,210 | 14 | Kilmarnock | East Ayrshire | 46,970 | ||
5 | Paisley | Renfrewshire | 77,270 | 15 | Ayr | South Ayrshire | 46,260 | ||
6 | East Kilbride | South Lanarkshire | 75,310 | 16 | Coatbridge | North Lanarkshire | 43,950 | ||
7 | Livingston | West Lothian | 56,840 | 17 | Greenock | Inverclyde | 41,280 | ||
8 | Dunfermline | Fife | 54,990 | 18 | Glenrothes | Fife | 38,360 | ||
9 | Hamilton | South Lanarkshire | 54,480 | 19 | Stirling | Stirling | 37,910 | ||
10 | Cumbernauld | North Lanarkshire | 50,530 | 20 | Airdrie | North Lanarkshire | 36,390 |
Languages

Scotland has three
Overall, the use of Scotland's indigenous languages other than English has declined since the 19th century. The 2011 census indicated that 63% of the population had "no skills in Scots".[174] The use of Gaelic is confined to 1% of the population.[175] The number of Gaelic speakers in Scotland dropped from 250,000 in 1881 to 60,000 in 2008.[176] Across the whole of Scotland, the 2011 census showed that 25,000 people (0.49% of the population) used Gaelic at home. The most common language spoken at home in Scotland after English and Scots is Polish, with about 1.1% of the population, or 54,000 people.[177][178]
Immigration since World War II has given Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Dundee small South Asian communities.[179] In 2011, there were an estimated 49,000 ethnically Pakistani people living in Scotland, making them the largest non-White ethnic group.[180] The 2004 enlargement of the European Union spurred an increase in migration from Central and Eastern Europe to Scotland, and the 2011 census indicated that 61,000 Poles lived there.[180][181]
There are many more people with Scottish ancestry living abroad than the total population of Scotland. In the 2000 Census, 9.2 million Americans self-reported some degree of
Religion
As per the 2022 Census, a majority of Scots (51.12%) reported not following any religion. The most practiced religion is Christianity (38.79%), mostly the Church of Scotland (20.36%) and Roman Catholicism (13.3%).[188] In almost every council area, the most common response to the census question was "No religion," except in Na h-Eileanan Siar and Inverclyde, where the Church of Scotland (35.3%) and Catholicism (33.4%) were the most common responses, respectively.[188]
Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now Scotland for more than 1,400 years.[189][190] Since the
Scotland also has a significant
Other minority faiths include
Education
The
Education in Scotland is the responsibility of the
There are fifteen
Health

Health care in Scotland is mainly provided by
The total fertility rate (TFR) in Scotland is below the replacement rate of 2.1 (the TFR was 1.73 in 2011[218]). The majority of births are to unmarried women (51.3% of births were outside of marriage in 2012[219]).
Life expectancy for those born in Scotland between 2012 and 2014 is 77.1 years for males and 81.1 years for females.[220] This is the lowest of any of the four countries of the UK.[220] The number of hospital admissions in Scotland for diseases such as cancer was 2,528 in 2002. Over the next ten years, by 2012, this had increased to 2,669.[221] Hospital admissions for other diseases, such as coronary heart disease (CHD) were lower, with 727 admissions in 2002, and decreasing to 489 in 2012.[221]
Government and politics
since 2024
Scotland is part of the United Kingdom, a
The

The Scottish Parliament is a
The Scottish Government, which has been described as one of the most powerful devolved governments globally,[236] is led by the first minister, who is nominated by MSPs and is typically the leader of the largest party in the Parliament. Other ministers are appointed by the first minister and serve at their discretion.[237] As the head of the Scottish Government, the first minister is responsible for the comprehensive development, implementation and presentation of government policy, and is responsible for promoting the interests of the country at home and internationally.[238] John Swinney, leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), has served as the first minister since 8 May 2024.[239]
Diplomacy and relations

As leader of the Scottish Government, the first minister is a member of the

The nation has historic ties to France as a result of the '
Scotland is a member of the
Devolution and independence

Two more pieces of legislation, the Scotland Acts of 2012 and 2016, gave the Scottish Parliament further powers to legislate on taxation and social security;[270] the 2016 Act also gave the Scottish Government powers to manage the affairs of the Crown Estate in Scotland.[271] Conversely, the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020 constrains the Scottish Parliament's autonomy to regulate goods and services,[272][273] and the academic view is that this undermines devolution.[279]
The

The 2011 Scottish Parliament election resulted in an SNP overall majority in the Scottish Parliament, and on 18 September 2014 a referendum on Scottish independence was held.[284] The referendum resulted in a rejection of independence, by 55.3% to 44.7%.[285][286] During the campaign, the three main parties in the British Parliament–the Conservatives, Labour, and the Liberal Democrats–pledged to extend the powers of the Scottish Parliament.[287][288] An all-party commission chaired by Robert Smith, Baron Smith of Kelvin was formed,[288] which led to the Scotland Act 2016.[289]
Following the European Union Referendum Act 2015, the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum was held on 23 June 2016 on Britain's membership of the European Union. A majority in the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the EU, while a majority within Scotland voted to remain a member.[290] The first minister, Nicola Sturgeon, announced the following day that as a result a new independence referendum was "highly likely".[291][290] On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom formally withdrew from the European Union. Because constitutional affairs are reserved matters under the Scotland Act, the Scottish Parliament would again have to be granted temporary additional powers under Section 30 to hold a legally binding vote.[292][293][294]
Local government
For local government purposes Scotland is subdivided into 32 single-tier council areas.[295] The areas were established in 1996, and their councils are responsible for the provision of all local government services. Decisions are made by councillors, who are elected at local elections every five years. The leader of the council is typically a councillor from the party with the most seats; councils also have a civic head, typically called the provost or lord provost, who represents the council on ceremonial occasions and chairs council meetings.[296] Community Councils are informal organisations that represent smaller subdivisions within each council area.[297]
Police Scotland and the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service cover the entire country. For healthcare and postal districts, and a number of other governmental and non-governmental organisations such as the churches, there are other long-standing methods of subdividing Scotland for the purposes of administration.
There are eight cities in Scotland: Aberdeen, Dundee, Dunfermline, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, Perth and Stirling.[298] City status in the United Kingdom is conferred by the monarch through letters patent.[299]
Military

As one of the countries of the United Kingdom, the British Armed Forces are the armed forces of Scotland. Of the money spent on UK defence, about £3.3 billion can be attributed to Scotland as of 2018/2019.[300] Scotland had a long military tradition predating the Treaty of Union with England. Following the Treaty of Union in 1707, the Scots Army and Royal Scots Navy merged with their English counterparts to form the Royal Navy and the British Army, which together form part of the British Armed Forces.[301][302] The Atholl Highlanders, Europe's only remaining legal private army, did not join the Scots Army or Royal Scots Navy in merging with English armed forces, remaining a private army not under the command of the British Armed Forces.[303]
Numerous Scottish regiments have at various times existed in the British Army. Distinctively Scottish regiments in the British Army include the Scots Guards, the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards and the 154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, an Army Reserve regiment of the Royal Logistic Corps. In 2006, as a result of the Delivering Security in a Changing World white paper, the Scottish infantry regiments in the Scottish Division were amalgamated to form the Royal Regiment of Scotland.[304] As a result of the Cameron–Clegg coalition's Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010, the Scottish regiments of the line in the British Army infantry, having previously formed the Scottish Division, were reorganised into the Scottish, Welsh and Irish Division in 2017. Before the formation of the Scottish Division, the Scottish infantry was organised into a Lowland Brigade and Highland Brigade.[305]
Because of their topography and perceived remoteness, parts of Scotland have housed many sensitive defence establishments. Scotland's
A single front-line
Law and order

Scots law has a basis derived from
For three centuries the Scots legal system was unique for being the only national legal system without a parliament. This ended with the advent of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, which legislates for devolved matters.[318] Many features within the system have been preserved. Within criminal law, the Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts: "guilty", "not guilty" and "not proven".[319] Both "not guilty" and "not proven" result in an acquittal, typically with no possibility of retrial per the rule of double jeopardy. A retrial can hear new evidence at a later date that might have proven conclusive in the earlier trial at first instance, where the person acquitted subsequently admits the offence or where it can be proved that the acquittal was tainted by an attempt to pervert the course of justice. Scots juries, sitting in criminal cases, consist of fifteen jurors, which is three more than is typical in many countries.[320]

The
Since 2013, Scotland has had a unified police force known as Police Scotland. The Scottish Prison Service (SPS) manages the prisons in Scotland, which collectively house over 8,500 prisoners.[324] The Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Home Affairs is responsible for the Scottish Prison Service within the Scottish Government.
Economy

Scotland has a Western-style

In 2023, Scotland's gross domestic product (GDP), including offshore oil and gas, was estimated at £218.0 billion.[332] In 2021, Scottish exports in goods and services (excluding intra-UK trade) were estimated to be £50.1 billion.[333] Scotland's primary goods exports are mineral fuels, machinery and transport, and beverages and tobacco.[334] The country's largest export markets in goods are the European Union, Asia and Oceania, and North America.[334] Whisky is one of Scotland's more known goods of economic activity. Exports increased by 87% in the decade to 2012[335] and were valued at £4.3 billion in 2013, which was 85% of Scotland's food and drink exports.[336] It supports around 10,000 jobs directly and 25,000 indirectly.[337] It may contribute £400–682 million to Scotland, rather than several billion pounds, as more than 80% of whisky produced is owned by non-Scottish companies.[338] A briefing published in 2002 by the Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe) for the Scottish Parliament's Enterprise and Life Long Learning Committee stated that tourism accounted for up to 5% of GDP and 7.5% of employment.[339]

Scotland was one of the industrial powerhouses of Europe from the time of the Industrial Revolution onwards, being a world leader in manufacturing.[340] This left a legacy in the diversity of goods and services which Scotland produces, from textiles, whisky and shortbread to jet engines, buses, computer software, investment management and other related financial services.[341] In common with most other advanced industrialised economies, Scotland has seen a decline in the importance of both manufacturing industries and primary-based extractive industries. This has been combined with a rise in the service sector of the economy, which has grown to be the largest sector in Scotland.[342]
Income and poverty

The average weekly income for workplace-based employees in Scotland is £573,
The top local authority for pay based on place of work is
Between 2016 and 2020, the Scottish Government estimated that 10% of people in Scotland were in persistent poverty following[clarification needed] housing costs, with similar rates of persistent poverty for children (10%), working-age adults (10%) and pensioners (11%).[347] Persistent child poverty rates had seen a relatively sharp drop; however, the accuracy of this was deemed to be questionable due to various factors such as households re-entering the longitudinal sample allowing data gaps to be filled.[347] The Scottish Government introduced the Scottish Child Payment in 2021 for low-income families with children under six years of age in an attempt to reduce child poverty rates, with families receiving a payment of roughly £1,040 per year.[348] As of October 2023, 10% of the Scottish population were estimated to be living in poverty.[349]
Currency

Although the
The value of the Scottish banknotes in circulation in 2013 was £3.8 billion, underwritten by the Bank of England using funds deposited by each clearing bank, under the Banking Act 2009, to cover the total value of such notes in circulation.[352]
Infrastructure and transportation

Scotland has
Network Rail owns and operates the fixed infrastructure assets of the railway system in Scotland, while the Scottish Government retains overall responsibility for rail strategy and funding in Scotland.[357] Scotland's rail network has 359 railway stations and around 1,710 miles (2,760 km) of track.[358] In 2018–19 there were 102 million passenger journeys on Scottish railways.[359] On 1 January 2006, Transport Scotland was established, which would oversee the regulation of railways in Scotland and administer major rail projects.[360] Since April 2022, Transport Scotland has taken ScotRail back into public ownership via its operator of last resort, Scottish Rail Holdings.[361] It did the same with the Caledonian Sleeper service in June 2023.[362]
The Glasgow Subway is the only underground system in Scotland. It opened on 14 December 1896, making it the third-oldest underground network in the world after the Budapest Metro and the London Underground. It is owned and operated by Strathclyde Partnership for Transport.[363]
The Scottish motorways and major
Regular ferry services operate between the Scottish mainland and outlying islands. Ferries serving both the inner and outer Hebrides are principally operated by the state-owned enterprise Caledonian MacBrayne.[364][365] Services to the Northern Isles are operated by Serco. Other routes, such as southwest Scotland to Northern Ireland, are served by multiple companies.[366] DFDS Seaways operated a freight-only Rosyth – Zeebrugge ferry service, until a fire damaged the vessel DFDS were using.[367] A passenger service was also operated between 2002 and 2010.[368]
Science, technology and energy
Scotland's primary sources of energy are provided through renewable energy (61.8%), nuclear (25.7%) and fossil fuel generation (10.9%).[370] Whitelee Wind Farm is the largest onshore wind farm in the United Kingdom, and was Europe's largest onshore wind farm for some time.[371] Tidal power is an emerging source of energy in Scotland. The MeyGen tidal stream energy plant in the north of the country is claimed to be the largest tidal stream energy project in the world.[372] In Scotland, 98.6% of all electricity used was from renewable sources. This is minus net exports.[370] Between October 2021 and September 2022 63.1% of all electricity generated in Scotland was from renewable sources, 83.6% was classed as low carbon and 14.5% was from fossil fuels.[373] The Scottish Government has a target to have the equivalent of 50% of the energy for Scotland's heat, transport and electricity consumption to be supplied from renewable sources by 2030.[374] They have stated that, in 2022, the equivalent of 113% of the country's overall electrical consumption was produced by renewable energy, making it the highest recorded figure of renewable energy generated to date.[375]
Scotland's
Culture and society
Scottish music

Scottish popular music has gained an international following, with artists such as Lewis Capaldi, Amy Macdonald, KT Tunstall, Nina Nesbitt, Chvrches, Gerry Cinnamon and Paolo Nutini gaining international success. DJ Calvin Harris was one of the most streamed artists on Spotify in 2023,[388][389] whilst Susan Boyle's debut album was one of the best-selling albums of the 21st century, and was the best-selling album internationally in 2009.[390] Runrig popularised Celtic rock and frequently performed in Scottish Gaelic, with their 1995 single "An Ubhal as Àirde" the first song in the language to reach the UK Top 20.[391] Musical talent in Scotland is recognised via the Scottish Music Awards, Scottish Album of the Year Award, the Scots Trad Music Awards and the BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician award.
Literature and media

Scotland has a literary heritage dating back to the early Middle Ages. The earliest extant literature composed in what is now Scotland was in
In the 20th century the
National newspapers such as the
Celtic connections
As one of the Celtic nations, Scotland and Scottish culture are represented at inter-Celtic events at home and over the world. Scotland hosts several music festivals including Celtic Connections (Glasgow), and the Hebridean Celtic Festival (Stornoway). Festivals celebrating Celtic culture, such as Festival Interceltique de Lorient (Brittany), the Pan Celtic Festival (Ireland), and the National Celtic Festival (Portarlington, Australia), feature elements of Scottish culture such as language, music and dance.[416][417][418][419]
National identity
The image of
There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the
Scotland has its own

Although there is no official
The national animal of Scotland is the unicorn, which has been a Scottish heraldic symbol since the 12th century.[435] The Court of the Lord Lyon regulates Scottish heraldry and the Public Register of All Armorial Bearings in Scotland.[436]
Cuisine

Scottish cuisine has distinctive attributes and recipes of its own but shares much with wider
Sports

Scotland hosts its own national sporting competitions and has independent representation at several international sporting events, including the
The world's first official international association football match, between

With the modern game of
The Scottish Rugby Union is the second oldest rugby union in the world. Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh is the national stadium of the Scottish national rugby team. The Scotland rugby team played their first official test match, winning 1–0 against England at Raeburn Place in 1871. Scotland has competed in the Six Nations from the inaugural tournament in 1883, winning it 14 times outright—including the last Five Nations in 1999—and sharing it another 8. The Rugby World Cup was introduced in 1987 and Scotland have competed in all nine competitions, the most recent being in the 2023 Rugby World Cup. Scotland competes with the England rugby team annually for the Calcutta Cup. Each year, this fixture is played out as part of the Six Nations, with Scotland having last won in 2024.[454]

Other distinctive features of the national sporting culture include the
Scotland has competed at every Commonwealth Games since 1930 and has won 356 medals in total—91 Gold, 104 Silver and 161 Bronze.[457] Scotland has hosted the Commonwealth Games three times – Edinburgh played host to the Commonwealth Games in 1970 and 1986, and most recently Glasgow in 2014.[458] Glasgow was confirmed as the host city for the 2026 Commonwealth Games in September 2024.[459] Edinburgh was the host city for the inaugural Commonwealth Youth Games in 2000.[460]
See also
Notes
- ^ ONS Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water excluding inland water'
- ^ ONS Standard Area Measurement, 'total extent of the realm' (area to mean low water)
- ^ Scottish Government figures include oil and gas revenues generated beyond UK territorial waters in the country's continental shelf region
- GeoTLD, open to use by all with a connection to Scotland or Scottish culture. .uk as part of the United Kingdom is also used. ISO 3166-1 is GB, but .gbis unused.
- Scottish Gaelic: Alba
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UK Internal Market Act 2020 imposed new restrictions on the ability of the devolved institutions to enact measures...mutual recognition and non-discrimination requirements mean that standards set by the legislatures in Wales and Scotland cannot restrict the sale of goods which are acceptable in other parts of the UK. In other words, imposing such measures would simply create competitive disadvantages for businesses in Wales and Scotland; they would not change the product standards or environmental protections applicable to all goods which can be purchased in Wales and Scotland.
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The Act has restrictive – and potentially damaging – consequences for the regulatory capacity of the devolved legislatures...the primary purpose of the legislation was to constrain the capacity of the devolved institutions to use their regulatory autonomy...in practice, it constrains the ability of the devolved institutions to make effective regulatory choices for their territories in ways that do not apply to the choices made by the UK government and parliament for the English market.
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Since the act became law on 17 December 2020, the devolved administrations can continue to set standards for goods and services produced within their territory, but their rules do not apply to goods and services coming from other jurisdictions. They also must accept products imported into one part of the UK. This undermines their legislative autonomy and renders certain policies ineffective
- hdl:1814/70296.
The UK Internal Market Act gives ministers sweeping powers to enforce mutual recognition and non-discrimination across the four jurisdictions. Existing differences and some social and health matters are exempted but these are much less extensive than the exemptions permitted under the EU Internal Market provisions. Only after an amendment in the House of Lords, the Bill was amended to provide a weak and non-binding consent mechanism for amendments (equivalent to the Sewel Convention) to the list of exemptions. The result is that, while the devolved governments retain regulatory competences, these are undermined by the fact that goods and services originating in, or imported into, England can be marketed anywhere.
- .
While the mutual recognition principle preserves devolved powers, rather than requiring that devolved nations conform with a wide range of harmonised standards (as they did in the EU), the Act undermines devolution simply because devolved legislation will no longer apply to all relevant activity in the devolved territory...Devolution is also undermined by the asymmetry of legislative authority...the UK Internal Market Act is a protected enactment, which devolved administrations are unable to appeal or modify, but which the UK parliament will be able to modify when legislating for England.
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The market access principles undermine devolved competences in two ways...[they] significantly undermine the purpose of devolution, which was to enable the devolved nations and regions to legislate according to their own local needs and political preferences.
- .
So when used to disapply relevant requirements in a destination devolved jurisdiction the effect is different from that generated by the devolution statutes when they treat rules that are outside of competence as being 'not law'. In this way, the legislative competence of each jurisdiction is formally maintained, but its exercise constrained by the extraterritorial reach of regulatory norms applicable elsewhere in the UK and by the potential for regulatory competition where local producers are subject to local rules but competing goods can enter that market in compliance with the regulatory standards from where they originate...the UKIM Act 2020 allows extraterritorial application of rules that reflect different preferences or even undermines local preferences through regulatory competition, its effects are not insignificant for devolved legislatures.
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Sources
- ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.
- ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8.
Further reading
- Devine, T. M. [1999] (2000). The Scottish Nation 1700–2000 (New edition). London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-023004-1
- Donnachie, Ian and George Hewitt. Dictionary of Scottish History. (2001). 384 pp.
- Keay, John, and Julia Keay. Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland (2nd ed. 2001), 1101pp; 4000 articles; emphasis on history
- Koch, J. T. Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2006), ISBN 1-85109-440-7, 999pp.
- MacGibbon, David and Ross, Thomas, The ecclesiastical architecture of Scotland from the earliest Christian times to the seventeenth century; vol. 3/3, (1897).
- Tabraham, Chris, and Colin Baxter. The Illustrated History of Scotland (2004) excerpt and text search
- ISBN 0-300-13686-2
- Watson, Fiona, Scotland; From Prehistory to the Present. Tempus, 2003. 286 pp.
- Wilson, Neil. Lonely Planet Scotland (2013)
- Wormald, Jenny, Scotland: A History (2005) excerpt and text search
External links
- Scotland – official online gateway to Scotland managed by the Scottish Government
- Visit Scotland – official site of Scotland's national tourist board
- Scottish Government – official site of the Scottish Government
- Scotland web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries.
Geographic data related to Scotland at OpenStreetMap