Jessie Bernard

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Jessie S. Bernard
Penn State University
(1947–1964)

Jessie Shirley Bernard (born Jessie Sarah Ravitch, 1903 – 1996) was an American

social sciences and feminist theory regarding women, sex, marriage, and the interaction with the family and community are well noted. She has garnered numerous honors in her career and has several awards named after her, such as the Jessie Bernard Award.[2][3] Jessie Bernard was a prolific writer, having published 15 sole-authored books, 9 co-authored books, over 75 journal articles, and over 40 book chapters.[4][5] The final chapter of her book American Community Behavior is heavily based on Raphael Lemkin's work and is considered one of the earliest sociological studies of genocide.[6]

Early life

Jessie Bernard (born Jessie Sarah Ravitch) was born and raised in

social sciences at the University of Minnesota.[7][8]

Education and career

University of Minnesota

Bernard completed her undergraduate and post-graduate studies at the

Harvard
) and became research assistant to her sociology professor, Luther Lee Bernard.

Washington University in St Louis

At Washington University in St. Louis, Bernard continued her research and later earned her PhD in sociology in 1935. Together, the Bernards challenged the dominance of the University of Chicago in the field of sociology that ultimately saw their involvement in the creation of the American Sociological Review.

Lindenwood College

Bernard took up a teaching position at

positivistic approach dominant in social science and became increasingly supportive of the social contextuality of all knowledge. This time would also mark her movement toward a feminist position in sociology as seen in the qualitative research and critical analysis prevalent in her later work.[9][10]

Penn State University

In 1947, her husband negotiated positions as lecturers for Bernard and himself at

Professor Emeritus from Penn State University at age 62.[11][12]

Retirement

Although her retirement marked her movement out of academic life, Bernard devoted herself to writing and research on a full-time basis as well as remaining an active feminist in the women's movement for the next two decades. This would also be the period of her life that saw extraordinary productivity in terms of her research and writings. She published the majority of her books in this period as well as several articles and presentations, establishing herself as a leading contributor to professional and lay understandings of the

positivistic science to the extent where she rethought her early writings in light of a feminist position.[13]

This period of Bernard's life would also see her as president of the Eastern Sociological Association, president and founding member of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, founding board member of the Center for Women Policy Studies as well as member of the boards of Urban Institute Women's Program and the Women's Equity Action League. During this time she was also a visiting professor at Princeton University. Bernard lectured at professional meetings and universities around the world and met women from all over the world in international women's meetings. In 1977, Bernard became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP).[14] WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.

Research and writings

Bernard characterized her own work as a movement towards contemporary feminism or what she also referred to as "the feminist enlightenment".[15] Since the mid-1940s, Jessie's focus was to increase understanding of the effects of sexism on women's experience of marriage, parenting, education and economic life. This ultimately formed the largest part of her contributions to sociology and feminist theory. To sum up her contribution to sociology in her own words:

"I am concerned, as any fair-minded person must be, with the effects of sexism on the position of women in our profession and in our society; but I am also concerned, as any dedicated sociologist must be, with its effects on our discipline as well. Important as are the costs to women of the male bias in sociology, on which a considerable literature exists, I am concerned here not with them but rather with the costs of this bias to the discipline itself. I am not, therefore asking what sociology can do for women - for example, by filling in the gaps in our knowledge about them, itself a significant contribution - but rather what women (and sympathetic male colleagues) can do for sociology." .[16]

Bernard's research (statistical analysis of health and mortality data) published in The Paradox of the Happy Marriage (1971) and The Future of Marriage (1972) illustrated that marriage was good for men, but not for women. She argued that men and women live in different worlds and perceive of marriage differently. She attributed this to the gendered nature of social structures in society.

classism, and imperialism divide their worlds.[19]

Honors and recognition

Bernard was awarded the title "Research Scholar Honoris Causa" by Pennsylvania State University in 1965. In 1976 the American Sociological Association established the Jessie Bernard Award for "work that has enlarged the horizons of the discipline of sociology to encompass fully the role of women in society" in Bernard's honor.[20] In 1976, Bernard received the Achievement Award from the American Association of University Women. On her 85th birthday The Center for Women's Policy Studies honored Bernard by the creation of the Jessie Bernard Wise Women Award in recognition of "women leaders, activists and scholars whose lives and work demonstrate and advocacy of feminist enlightenment".[21] She was honored by numerous associations and institutions of higher education in recognition of her work and contributions to sociology, feminist theory and the women's movement.[22][23]

Personal life

After working as research assistant to her sociology professor, Luther Lee Bernard for 4 years, she married him on September 23, 1925. Their union was considered controversial by some given that Luther was 23 years her senior and non-Jewish. The Bernards moved several times due to Luther's various appointments at academic institutions as a professor at

single-parent. She died in 1996.[29][30]

Selected bibliography

Books

  • Bernard, Jessie. 1942. "American Family Behavior". New York: Harper & Brothers.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1949. "American Community Behavior". New York: Dryden Press
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1956. "Remarriage: A Study of Marriage". New York: Dryden Press.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1957. "Social Problems at Midcentury: Role, Status and Stress in a Context of Abundance". New York: Dryden Press,
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1964. "Academic Women". University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1966. "Marriage and Family Among Negroes". New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1968. "The Sex Game". New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1971. "Women and the Public Interest: An Essay on Policy and Protest". Chicago: Aldine.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1972. "The Future of Marriage". New York Bantam Books.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1973. "The Sociology of Community". Glenview Illinois: Scott, Foresman Publisher.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1975. "The Future of Motherhood". New York: Penguin Books.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1975. "Women, Wives, Mothers: Values and Options". Chicago: Aldine.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1978. "Self-Portrait of a Family". Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1981. "The Female World". New York: Free Press.
  • Bernard, Jessie. 1987. "The Female World from a Global Perspective". Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Co-authored books

  • Luther, Lee Bernard and Bernard, Jessie. 1934. "Sociology and the Study of International Relations". St. Louis: Washington University Studies.
  • Bernard, Luther Lee and Bernard, Jessie. 1943. "Origins of American Sociology". New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
  • Bernard, Jessie, Smith, William M. and Buchanan, Helen E. 1958. "Dating, Mating, and Marriage". Cleveland, Ohio: Howard Allen, Inc.
  • Bernard, Jessie and MacLurg Jensen, Deborach. 1962. "Sociology". St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Co.
  • Broderick, Calfred B. and Bernard, Jessie. 1969. "The Individual, Sex and Society". Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
  • Bernard, Jessie, Thompson, Lida F. and MacLurg Jensen, Deborah. 1970. "Sociology: Nurses and their Patients in a Modern Society". St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Co.

Chapters in books

Articles

(See external link below for a complete bibliography of Jessie Bernard's 75-plus journal articles)

Further reading

  • Bannister, Robert C. 1991. "Jessie Bernard: The Making of a Feminist". Rutgers University Press.
    ISBN 978-0-8135-1615-8
  • Deegan, Mary Jo. 1991. “Jessie Bernard” In Women in Sociology: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook. Greenwood Press.
    ISBN 978-0-313-26085-8
  • Lipman-Blumen, Jean. “Jessie Bernard - A Reasonable Rebel”. Gender and Society, 2 (1988): 271–273
  • Howe, Harriet. “Jessie Bernard.” Sociological Inquiry, 64 (1994): 10–22

References

  1. ^ Myers, Kristen A., Anderson, Cynthia D. & Risman, Barbara J. "Feminist Foundations: Toward Transforming Sociology". SAGE Publishers, 1998, p.78
  2. ^ Lengermann, PM and Niebrugge, J. "Contemporary Feminist Theory" in Sociological Theory by George Ritzer (ed). 1996. p.452-3
  3. ^ American Sociological Association. "Jessie Bernard Award". [1]. Retrieved 30 November 2010
  4. ^ Love, Barbara J. "Feminists Who Changed America: 1963–1975". University of Illinois Press, 2006. p.40
  5. ^ Swarthmore College. "Jessie S. Bernard". [2]. Retrieved 1 December 2010
  6. ISBN 9780230297784
    .
  7. ^ Ware, Susan and Braukman, Lorraine S. "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century". Harvard University Press, 2004. p.51-52
  8. ^ Bannister, Robert C. "Jessie Bernard".[3]. Retrieved 30 November 2010
  9. ^ Lengermann, PM and Niebrugge, J. "Contemporary Feminist Theory" in Sociological Theory by George Ritzer (ed). 1996. p.452
  10. ^ Ware, Susan and Braukman, Lorraine S. "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century". Harvard University Press, 2004. p.52
  11. ^ Ware, Susan and Braukman, Lorraine S. "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century". Harvard University Press, 2004. p.52
  12. ^ Love, Barbara J. "Feminist Who Changed America: 1963–1975". University of Illinois Press, 2006. p.40
  13. ^ Lengermann, PM and Niebrugge, J. "Contemporary Feminist Theory" in Sociological Theory by George Ritzer (ed). 1996. p.452-453
  14. ^ "Associates | The Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press". www.wifp.org. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
  15. ^ Bernard, J. "The Female World from a Global Perspective", 1987, cited in Lengermann, PM and Niebrugge, J. "Contemporary Feminist Theory" in Sociological Theory by George Ritzer (ed). 1996. p.452
  16. ^ Bernard, Jessie. "My Four Revolutions: An Autobiographical History of the ASA". The American Journal of Sociology, 78(4):776
  17. ^ Love, Barbara J. "Feminist Who Changed America: 1963–1975". University of Illinois Press, 2006. p.40
  18. ^ Ware, Susan and Braukman, Lorraine S. "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century". Harvard University Press, 2004. p.52
  19. ^ Ware, Susan and Braukman, Lorraine S. "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century". Harvard University Press, 2004. p.52
  20. ^ Martin, Patricia Y. "The Significance of the Jessie Bernard Award [4], American Sociological Association Network. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  21. ^ Love, Barbara J. "Feminist Who Changed America: 1963–1975". University of Illinois Press, 2006. p.40
  22. ^ Ware, Susan and Braukman, Lorraine S. "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century". Harvard University Press, 2004. p.52
  23. ^ "Jessie Bernard [5], Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 1 December 2010
  24. ^ Lengermann, PM and Niebrugge, J. "Contemporary Feminist Theory" in Sociological Theory by George Ritzer (ed). 1996. p.452
  25. ^ Bannister, Robert C. "Jessie Bernard". [6]. Retrieved 30 November 2010
  26. ^ Ware, Susan and Braukman, Lorraine S. "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century". Harvard University Press, 2004. p.52
  27. ^ Lengermann, PM and Niebrugge, J. "Contemporary Feminist Theory" in Sociological Theory by George Ritzer (ed). 1996. p.452
  28. ^ Ware, Susan and Braukman, Lorraine S. "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century". Harvard University Press, 2004. p.52
  29. ^ Ware, Susan and Braukman, Lorraine S. "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century". Harvard University Press, 2004. p.53
  30. ^ "Jessie Bernard". [7], Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 1 December 2010

External links

Complete bibliography

  • Swarthmore College. "Jessie S. Bernard" [8]. Retrieved 1 December 2010

Obituary

  • Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. "Jessie Bernard, 93; Ideas Inspired Feminists". [9], New York Times, October 11, 1996. Retrieved 1 December 2010
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