John F. Carrington

John F. Carrington (21 March 1914 – 24 December 1985

Carrington was born in Rushden, Northamptonshire in 1914, the son of a school master. He attended primary school in Rushden (1918–1925), Northampton School for Boys (1925–1932), and the University of Nottingham where he obtained a first in botany (1932–1935) and a teaching certificate (1936).^[2] He taught junior science and mathematics at Nottingham Boys' School (1936–1938).^[2]

In 1938, he felt called to offer his services as a missionary with the

From 1938 to 1951 and from 1958 to 1961, Carrington was head of the boy's primary school in Yakusu, a major school run by the Baptist Missionary Society.^[5][3] From 1951 to 1958 and from 1961 to 1964, he was director of the secondary schools and ministers' training college known as the Grenfell Institute in Yalemba. In 1947, he gained his first doctorate from the University of London with a thesis on "A comparative study of some Central African gong languages", which later formed the basis of his book The Talking Drums of Africa.^[3]

Carrington was later a professor of Botany, Ethnobotany and Linguistics (1965–1974), Dean of Students (1965–1968), and Vice-President for Academic Affairs (1968–1969) at

Carrington was struck by the fact that although there were no telephones, everyone knew exactly when he would arrive at a village.[4] He found that the local Kele people were communicating via drums. Each village had an expert drummer and everyone could understand the language.^[9]

Carrington was the first European to learn a drum language. He was so fluent in Lokele that an African interviewee said “He is not really European". Local people believed that although he was white, Carrington was actually a black man who had been reincarnated into a white family. Whenever Carrington made a mistake when translating or playing the drums, the African players would blame his white upbringing.^[10]

In Yalemba, Carrington found two more drum languages corresponding to the

In 1949, Carrington published a book, The Talking Drums of Africa, which describes his time spent with the Lokele people. The book stresses the importance of obtaining adequate background information on the spoken language before the drum language can be taught since the speaker must be sufficiently fluent to communicate.[13] It also covers drum translations, drum construction, and in which social situations drums were played,^[14][15] but it does not address the topics of speed, rhythm, and how a sentence should be ended, which many believe is a key concept in understanding drum language.^[16] The book also stresses that drum language is a dying art and that those closely associated with it should take pride in their native art.^[15] However, by the time the book was published, Kele drum language was already falling out of use; today it has become extinct. Nevertheless, Carrington's book remains one of the most authoritative statements on talking drums.^[17]

Bibliography

• John F. Carrington (1944). The drum language of the Lokele tribe. UP.
• John F. Carrington (1947). The initiation language, Lokele tribe.
• John F. Carrington (1949). A comparative study of some Central African gong-languages. Falk, G. van Campenhout, successeur.
• John F. Carrington (1949). Talking drums of Africa. Carey Kingsgate Press.
• John F. Carrington; D. Ridley Chesterton; William A. Deans; Ella Spees; R. E. Harlow; Getrud Koppel; J. Grainger; Annie M. Cowell; Moses Penge; Simon Ambaume; Yosiya Butso (1955). Kitabu cha Zaburi. British and Foreign Bible Society.
• Malcolm Guthrie; John F. Carrington (1988). Lingala grammar and dictionary: English-Lingala, Lingala-English. Baptist Missionary Society.

References