John Schehr
John Schehr | |
---|---|
Chairman of the Communist Party of Germany | |
In office 1933–1933 | |
Preceded by | Ernst Thälmann |
Member of the Reichstag | |
In office July 1932 – 1933 | |
Member of the Landtag of Prussia | |
In office 1932–1932 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Ottensen, Altona, Hamburg, German Empire | February 9, 1896
Died | February 1, 1934 Schäferberg, Berlin-Wannsee, Nazi Germany | (aged 37)
Political party | Communist Party of Germany (1919–) |
Other political affiliations | Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (1917–1919) Social Democratic Party of Germany (1912–1917) |
Spouse | Anna |
Occupation | Politician |
John Schehr (9 February 1896 – 1 February 1934) was a German political activist who became a Communist Party politician and ultimately, chairman (leader) of the party, following the arrest on 3 March 1933 of Ernst Thälmann. By this time the country was very rapidly being transformed into a one-party dictatorship, meaning that the party John Schehr led was outlawed, with those members of the leadership team who had not escaped abroad now living "underground" (unregistered) and in hiding. Schehr was nevertheless arrested on 13 November 1933 and taken to a Berlin concentration camp. He died when he was one of four men shot by Gestapo officials, reportedly "while escaping" during an overnight transport, following arrest.[1][2][3]
After the
Life
Provenance and early years
John "Jonny" Schehr was born into a working-class family in the Ottensen quarter of Altona, Hamburg, at that time a robustly independent municipality, but subsequently - in 1937 - subsumed into Hamburg.[1] His father worked as a hairdresser.[5] As a boy he was particularly close to his mother, born Martha Fischer.[5] John Schehr's younger brother, Franz, later recalled that the family always read the Hamburger Echo and Wahre Jacob, both staunchly SPD newspapers.[5] Schehr attended school locally in Ottensen and then completed an apprenticeship as a skilled metal worker with "Firma Meier" (Gerberstraße), an Altona manufacturing company.[5] Towards the end of 1912, still aged only 16, joined the Social Democratic Party ("Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands"/ SPD).[2] The next year he also joined the Transport Workers' Union[6] He was working during this period on the Hamburg docks, which is how he came to know Ernst Thälmann.
War years and the beginnings of the Communist Party
In 1916 or 1917 Schehr was conscripted into an artillery regiment and sent to serve at
From party activist to party officer
1923 was a year of
Party advancement
It was nevertheless more likely to have been as a result, primarily, of Thälmann's backing that in 1925, at the tenth party congress, John Schehr was elected to membership of the party appeal's commission ("Beschwerdekommissio"). The same congress also voted Schehr onto the list of candidates for the Party Central Committee.[1] The dire economic situation during the early 1920s made this a period of expansion for the communists in the industrial regions, and during 1925 John Schehr was appointed to lead the party organisation in the recently established Harburg-Wilhelmsburg sub-district ("Unterbezirksleiter") in succession to Johann Skjellerup.[1][7] The appointment was of short duration, however, since in March 1926 the fulltime paid position was abolished, possibly to save money and possibly in response to a decline in party membership locally.[7] In 1927 he was appointed "Orgleiter" (loosely "Head of Administration") for the party's important Hamburg-Wasserkante district (to the west and north of Hamburg),[2][8] thereby becoming a key member of the regional party executive under the leadership of regional party secretary John Wittorf.[1]
Wittorf affair
Also in 1927 Schehr was again a delegate at the party's eleventh party congress, held that year in
Political recovery and advancement
Following
Crisis years
In 1930 John Schehr took over the job of regional party secretary ("Polleiter") with the
Within the party Schehr's career continued to advance. During the middle of 1932 he finally became a member of the
It was probably in October or November 1932 that the police arrested John Schehr and discovered "important material" concerning the
Régime change
The
On 3 March 1933
Arrest, detention, torture and killing/murder
By the second part of 1933 many more party comrades had found their way to Paris or Moscow, and John Schehr was the only member of the party leadership team still hiding out in Germany.[18] The security services arrested him in Berlin on 13 November 1933. This time there would be no question of their letting him go again a week later.[1] He was taken to the Columbia concentration camp, a former military police station on the edge of Berlin that had stood empty since 1929, till its conversion into a prison during 1933.[19] The Gestapo knew that Schehr was a senior party functionary and they did their best to extract statements from him, employing some of the worst forms of torture. He suffered severe burns and there are also reports that one of his eyes was knocked out of its socket. However, the Gestapo failed to extract from him the information that they sought.[1][20]
It had become known that the Security services had been employing a spy in the secret Berlin headquarters of the Communist Party. This was Alfred Kattner, a one-time confidant of Ernst Thälmann who had been arrested in March 1933, tortured, persuaded to gather information for the security services and then, in August 1933, released. It was believed that information gathered and passed on to his handlers by Kattner had enabled the Gestapo to arrest John Schehr, among others. Kattner's role became known to comrades through the underground press during January 1934 and, after attempts to have him kidnapped and spirited away to Moscow had failed, on 1 February 1934 Alfred Kattner was shot dead by a party official called Hans Schwarz in his Nowawes apartment, just outside Berlin. The National Socialist government was enraged by this turn of events.[1]
At the time of Schehr's arrest other leading party activists were also captured, including Eugen Schönhaar and Rudolf Schwarz. One response to Kattner's killing was an order for the immediate transfer of the men from the Columbia concentration camp to a facility at the Wannsee. An overnight transport was arranged. During the night of 1/2 February 1934 these three, together with Erich Steinfurth (who had been arrested back in March 1933) were shot dead at the Schäferberg / Kilometerberg (hill) on the edge of Berlin by Gestapo personnel, allegedly "while attempting to escape". In reality commentators agree that the murder was an act of quick retribution following the shooting the previous day of the government spy Alfred Kattner.[1][21] The killings became widely known: even at the time, the authorities made no attempt to refute the view that the authorities' motives for the "act of reckoning" were all too obvious.[1]
The killer
John Schehr und Genossen[22]Es geht durch die Nacht. Die Nacht ist kalt.
Der Fahrer bremst. Sie halten im Wald.
Zehn Mann Geheime Staatspolizei.
Vier Kommunisten sitzen dabei,
John Schehr und Genossen.Der Transportführer sagt: "Kein Mensch zu sehn."
John Schehr fragt: "Warum bleiben wir stehn?"
Der Führer flüstert: "Die Sache geht glatt!"
Nun wissen sie, was es geschlagen hat,
John Schehr und Genossen.Sie sehn, wie die ihre Pistolen ziehn.
John Schehr fragt: "Nicht wahr, jetzt müssen wir fliehn?"
Die Kerle lachen. "Na, wird es bald?
Runter vom Wagen und rein in den Wald,
John Schehr und Genossen!"John Schehr sagt: "So habt ihr es immer gemacht!
So habt ihr Karl Liebknecht umgebracht!"
Der Führer brüllt: "Schmeißt die Bande raus!"
Und schweigend steigen die viere aus,
John Schehr und Genossen.Sie schleppen sie in den dunklen Wald.
Und zwölfmal knallt es und widerhallt.
Da liegen sie mit erloschenem Blick,
jeder drei Nahschüsse im Genick,
John Schehr und Genossen.Going through the night. The cold night.
The driver brakes. They stop in the forest.
Ten men of the secret police.
Four communists sit alongside,
John Schehr and comrades.The leader of the transport says: "No one to be seen."
John Schehr asks: "why aren't we moving?"
The leader whispers: "It's going smoothly!"
Now you [will] know, what it's about,
John Schehr and comrades.They see how [their guards] draw their pistols.
John Schehr asks: "Is it now that we must escape?"
The lads laugh. "well, will it be soon?
Out of the transport and straight into the wood,
John Schehr and comrades!John Schehr says: "You always did it like that!
That's how you killed Karl Liebknecht!"
The leader roars: "Throw the bandits out!"
And silently the four get out,
John Schehr and comrades.They drag themselves into the black of the forest.
Twelve shots: twelve echoes.
They lie there: eyes no longer shine,
Each with three close-shot bullet holes in the neck,
John Schehr and comrades.
Much later it was determined that the killer had been a police officer called
Although John Schehr and his three fellow victims became heroic figures in the
After reunification she was keen to press for his rehabilitation. She was able to undertake extensive research in the scrupulously maintained files that the East German security services had compiled and maintained during the intervening decades, and she was forced to accept not just that her father was the man who had murdered "John Schehr" and his comrades, but that this had been just the first in a succession of escalating atrocities for which Bruno Sattler had been responsible during the twelve Nazi years. In its own terms it had all amounted to a highly successful career as a senior Gestapo officer.[23][24]
Commemoration
Weinert's John Schehr und Genossen
It is not known precisely when Erich Weinert wrote his ballad-style poem "John Schehr und Genossen" ("John Schehr and comrades"), but it appears to have been written very soon after the killings became public knowledge, probably during 1934. Weinert was a committed antifascist who escaped via the Saarland and Paris to Moscow which is where he spent most of the twelve Nazi years. According to "The Great Soviet Encyclopedia" he published an anthology of poems in Moscow as early as 1934: this may have included his tribute to Schehr, but it would not have been widely available in Germany under the Hitler dictatorship, nor anywhere else in western Europe.[25]
Other commemorations
John Schehr's grave forms part of the Memorial to the Socialists (German: Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten) in the Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery, Berlin.
In July 1967 a cargo ship was launched at the government shipyards in Rostock for the East German Deutsche Seereederei fleet and given the name "John Schehr".[27][a]
Already, in 1954, Schehr's physical remains had been disinterred from their resting place in Berlin-Marzahn to the Friedrichsfelde Main Cemetery where they were placed in the "Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten", the special section reserved for heroes of socialism.[28]
Since 1992 his name has appeared on one of the 96 plates incorporated in the
At the Kilometerberg (hill) a memorial still stands to John Schehr and the other resistance activists who were "shot while attempting flight" ("auf der Flucht erschossen").[30] Since 1954 regular commemoration events have taken place on the site.[31]
Less well preserved is the memorial to Schehr at the former "Steigerkaserne" ("...barracks") in the Drosselberg quarter of
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. "Schehr, John * 9.2.1896 † 1.2.1934". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d "John Schehr: February 09, 1896 - February 01, 1934". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (German Resistance Memorial Center), Berlin. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b "John Schehr (1896 – 1934)". Freundeskreis „Ernst Thälmann“ e.V., Ziegenhals-Berlin. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "John Schehr und Genossen". Ein Mord, ein Mythos und die Folgen. MDR ("Figaro"), Leipzig. 2 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-03-04. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k :Franz Schehr (February 2004). "John Schehr und Genossen" (PDF). Franz Schehr: Erinnerung an den Bruder. Kuratorium Gedenkstätte Ernst Thälmann e.V.: article reproduced in "Rundbrief aus dem Thälmann-Haus" from "John Schehr 1896-1934. Biographische Skizze: DKP Kreis Altona und Kuratorium „GedenkstätteErnst Thälmann“ e.V., Hamburg 1984. p. 4. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b "John Schehr und Genossen" (PDF). Potsdams andere Seiten. Kreisvorstand DIE LINKE, Potsdam. March 2017. p. 2. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b Christian Gotthardt (April 2018). "Die radikale Linke in Harburg-Wilhelmsburg". Nachtrag 2: Organisatorische Stärken und Schwächen, interne Fraktionskämpfe 1924-1931. Dr. Christian Gotthardt, Hamburg. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
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- ^ a b Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. "Thälmann, Ernst * 16.4.1886 † 18.8.1944". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ Protokoll XII. Parteitag der KPD 1929
- ^ "John Schehr 1896-1934". Der aus Altona gebürtige Arbeitersohn, selbst gelernter Schlosser, kam schon vor den ersten Weltkrieg zur Arbeiterbewegung.... Neues Deutschland, Berlin. 1 March 1967. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. "Bohn, Willi Karl * 6.8.1900 † 23.1.1985". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. "Tünnermann, August * 18.8.1896 † 23.12.1982". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. "Neumann, Heinz * 6.7.1902 † 26.11.1937". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ Fritjof Meyer (22 March 1993). "Einsamer Wolf unter Wölfen". Eine Moskauer Personalakte der Kommunistischen Internationale erhellt das Bild Herbert Wehners, der nach dem Krieg zum SPD-Vizevorsitzenden und Minister aufstieg. In den Terrorjahren 1937 bis 1941 lebte er - zusammen mit dem späteren DDR-Gründer Walter Ulbricht - in Moskau. Dort belastete er Genossen, die der sowjetischen Geheimpolizei zum Opfer fielen. Rettete er die eigene Haut? Oder suchte er Sühne für Verräter?. Der Spiegel (online). Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ "Teilnehmer an der Tagung des ZK der KPD am 07. Februar 1933". Freundeskreis „Ernst-Thälmann-Gedenkstätte“ e.V., Ziegenhals, Königs-Wusterhausen. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
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- ISBN 978-3-641-01040-9.
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- ISSN 0175-3592. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. "Schönhaar, Eugen * 29.10.1898, † 1.2.1934". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ Erich Weinert (21 March 2016). "In Gedenken an John Schehr und Genossen". "Leben ist das, was passiert, während du fleißig dabei bist, andere Pläne zu schmieden." John Lennon. Thomas Trüten, Esslingen am Neckar. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ a b Udo Grashoff (1 March 2013). "John Schehr und Genossen - Ein Mord, ein Mythos und die Folgen". mdr Figaro: Kulturradio. Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk, Leipzig. Archived from the original on 2013-03-04. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ "Beate Niemann: My father was an evil Nazi killer". When Beate Niemann was a little girl, her mother always told her the father who vanished when she was a toddler was a man to be proud of. Daily Mirror, London. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ "Weinert, Erich: Born Aug. 4, 1890, in Magdeburg; died Apr. 20, 1953, in Berlin. German poet. Son of an engineer.". Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Большая советская энциклопедия). Farlex (The Free Dictionary). 1979. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ Thomas Martin (9 November 2004). "John Schehr und Genossen". Leerstelle ... Um die Danziger Straße lässt sich ein kommunistisches Widerstandsquartier besichtigen – schon mal den Straßennamen nach. Vol. Ausgabe 7509. taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH , Berlin. p. 32. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ a b Hans-Jürgen Mathy (compiler). "John Schehr IMO 6710528 123 DEVM / Y5MM 15.07.1966 26.11.1985 Sparta Shipping, Malta". Die Schiffe der Serie .... Typ XC. Seeleute Rostock e. V., Schwerin. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ "Opfer des Nationalsozialismus". Gedenktafeln an historischen Orten in Berlin. Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand , Berlin. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ "Reichstagsabgeordnete - Opfer des Nationalsozialismus". Gedenktafeln an historischen Orten in Berlin. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ "Erschossen von der Gestapo". Gedenkstein für vier ermordete KPD-Mitglieder. Gazette Verbruachermagazin GmbH (Wannsee Extra), Berlin. p. 7. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ Neues Deutschland, 2 February 1954
- ^ "Opa Uz" (compiler). "John Schehr-Regiment in der John Schehr-Kaserne". Gründung des Mot.-Schützenregiment 24 „John Schehr“. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ Siegfried R. Krebs. "Die Steiger-Kaserne in Erfurt 1948 – 1990, von Oberstleutnant a.D. der NVA Peter Schreiber". book review. Verband zur Pflege der Traditionen der Nationalen Volksarmeeund der Grenztruppen der DDR e. V., Leipzig. Retrieved 25 April 2020.