Kabardia
Grand Principality of Great Kabarda Къэбэрдей Пщыгъуэ (Kabardian) | |||||||||||
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c. 1453–c. 1825 | |||||||||||
Temruk Shiapshuk Kambulat Kaytuk II Sholokh Kudenet Aleguko Atajuq I Misost Atajuq II Kurgoqo Atajuq III Misewestiqo Islambek Tatarkhan Qeytuqo Aslanbech Batoko Bamat Muhammad Qasey Atajuq Jankhot Misost II Bematiqwa Atajuq III Atajuq IV Jankhot II Qushuq | |||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• Established | c. 1453 | ||||||||||
• Russian–Circassian War | 1763–1864 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | c. 1825 | ||||||||||
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Grand Principality of Great Kabarda or East Circassia was a historical country in the North Caucasus corresponding partly to the modern Kabardino-Balkaria. It had better political organization than its neighbors and existed as a political community from the fifteenth century until it came under Russian control in the early nineteenth century after the Russo-Circassian War.
Geography and peoples
The
History
Without a native tradition of written history, most of what is known about Kabardian history comes from their contacts with neighbors. When the Golden Horde broke up about 1500 the steppe nomads became organized as the Nogai Horde. They and the Crimeans began or continued to raid the north Caucasus. Walter Richmond reports raids for the years : ‘no later than 1476’, 1491, 1498, circa 1500 ‘every spring’, 1521, 1518, a 10-year break after 1519, 1539, 1547, 1554, 1567, 1578, 1606-1635 “seven times’, 1670s, 1708, 1720, 1735, 1740s, 1760–61 and [3] 1777.
A brief alliance around 1560: Since the Crimeans were also raiding Russia (see
1600–1753: In 1645 a regiment was moved to Tersk (it has been re-established early in the century). Kabardia split into two factions, the pro-Russian Baksan and pro-Crimean Kashkatau (originally the alliances were opposite, but they switched sides some time after 1722.). One side brought in Russians from Astrakhan. The Nekrasov Cossacks settled on the Kuban about 1711. More Cossacks settled on the Terek and Kizlyar was founded in 1736. In 1739 Kabardia was declared a buffer state between the Russian and Ottoman empires.[4] In 1744 Koltsov and 400 Cossacks arrived to support the Baksan faction. Another force was sent in 1753.
Conquest: Kabardia came under Russian control between about 1769 and 1830. They moved west from the Terek country, southwest from Astrakhan and to a lesser degree southeast from Azov. From 1769 Russia intervened in Georgia south of the mountains. This required them to hold the
In the early nineteenth century a plague struck the north Caucasus which lasted until the 1830s. It is estimated that Kabardia lost 90% of its population, falling from 200,000 in 1790 to 30,000 in 1830. In 1804 there was a general uprising all over the north Caucasus. The Russians won at least three battles mainly because of their artillery. One involved 13000 men on both sides and another involved 7000 Kabardians. Around 1810 Russia destroyed 200 villages. In 1822 new forts were built on the
Sources
Walter Richmond, The Northwest Caucasus, 2008
- ^ "PRENSLERİN PRENSİ İNAL NEKHU (PŞILERİN PŞISI İNAL NEKHU)". cherkessia.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- ISBN 9785042257544. Archivedfrom the original on 7 July 2020.
- ^ Richmond @kindle1342 'In 1777 Greater Kabardia was invaded by both Russians and Crimeans.' The last Crimean raid on Russia seems to have been in 1769. It became a Russian vassal in 1774. Was this the last Crimean raid before it was annexed in 1783? Richmond does not pursue the matter.
- ^ Richmond has Treaty of Belgrade here. Other sources have Treaty of Nish. The diplomatic status of the north Caucasus was always vague.
- ^ Richmond, @kindle 1327. This is contradicted by other sources