Kawasaki Aerospace Company
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Kawasaki Heavy Industries Aerospace Company (川崎重工業航空宇宙カンパニー, Kawasaki Jūkōgyō Kōkūuchū Kanpanii) is the
During the 1930s and 1940s, Kawasaki Aircraft Industries developed numerous types of aircraft for the
Throughout the
History
Genesis and early years
Kawasaki Aircraft Industries (川崎航空機工業株式会社, Kawasaki Kokuki Kogyo K.K.) was one of Japan's first aircraft companies. It was founded during 1918 as a subsidiary of the heavy-industrial conglomerate
During the early 1930s, Kawasaki built
Kawasaki obtained a license from Dornier for all-metal construction flying boats, and the Kawasaki-Dornier Wal made a notable flight in December 1924;[citation needed] however, Kawasaki thereafter specialized in land planes. Noted designs include the:
Company designations
- KDA-2 - company designation for the Type 88 reconnaissance aircraft
- KDA-3 - single-seat parasol fighter prototype (1928); lost to the Nakajima NC
- KDA-5 - company designation for the Type 92 fighter
- KDA-6 - prototype reconnaissance aircraft
- KDA-7 - company designation for the Ki-3
- KDC-2 - mail plane/passenger transport developed from the Type 88
- KDC-5 - company designation for the C-5
Army designations
- Type Otsu-1 Reconnaissance Aircraft - reconnaissance biplane; Salmson 2A.2 built under license
- Ka 87 - twin-engine heavy bomber; Japanese-built Dornier Do N (1926)
- Type 88 - single-engine reconnaissance biplane (1927)
- Type 92 - single-seat biplane fighter (1930)
- Ki-3 - single-engine biplane bomber; last IJAAF biplane bomber design (1933)
- Ki-5 - experimental single-engine monoplane fighter (1934)
- Ki-10 - single-seat biplane fighter; last IJAAF biplane fighter (1935)
- Ki-22 - heavy bomber (not built)
- Ki-28 - single-engine experimental fighter (1936); cancelled in favor of the Nakajima Ki-27
- Ki-32 - single-engine monoplane bomber (1937)
- Ki-38 - proposed twin-engine fighter, predecessor of Ki-45 (1937)
- Ki-45 Toryu (屠龍, Dragon Slayer)- twin-engine fighter (1939)
- Ki-48 - twin-engine light bomber (1939)
- Ki-56 - twin-engine light transport, developed from the Lockheed Model 14 Electra (1940)
- Ki-60 - experimental single-engine fighter (1941)
- Ki-61 Hien (飛燕, Flying Swallow) - single-seat fighter (1941)
- Ki-64 - experimental single-seat heavy fighter (1943)
- Ki-66 - prototype dive bomber based on the Ki-48
- Ki-78 - high-speed research aircraft (1942)
- Ki-81 - proposed multi-seat escort fighter based on the Ki-48 (not built)
- Ki-85 - proposed IJA bomber version of Nakajima G5N (not built)
- Ki-88 - proposed single-seat fighter (not built)
- Ki-89 - experimental bomber (not built)
- Ki-91 - prototype four-engine heavy bomber (1944)
- Ki-96 - experimental twin-engine heavy fighter (1941)
- Ki-100 - radial-engine fighter/interceptor (1944)
- Ki-102 - twin-engine long-range heavy fighter (1944)
- Ki-108 - high-altitude fighter version of Ki-102
- Ki-119 - single-engine light bomber (not built)
- Ki-147- radio-guided air to surface missile
- Ki-148 - radio-guided air-to-surface missile (1944)
- Ki-174 - single-seat special attack version of Ki-48 (not built)
Civil aircraft
Engines
- Ha9 - BMW VI built under license
- Ha40 - Daimler-Benz DB 601Aa built under license, later known as the Ha-60; used in the Ki-61
- Ha140 - higher-power version of Ha40; used in the Ki-61-II
- Ha201 - two Ha40s coupled together with a common gearbox, later known as the Ha-72; used in the Ki-64
Post-war development
During the
The Kawasaki KAL-1, first flown in July 1953, was the first postwar all-metal aircraft of Japanese design. Early production activity at the company included 210
In response to encouragement from the Japanese government, during 1957, Kawasaki joined in a
During April 1969, Kawasaki Kokuki K.K. was dissolved, its assets being restructured as a division of the reorganized Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI).[citation needed]
Under Kawasaki Heavy Industries
During April 1969, the former Kawasaki Kokuki K.K. was dissolved and became a division of the reorganized Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI). Kawasaki is a major contractor for the
On 25 February 1977, Kawasaki and German aerospace manufacturer
During the 1970s and 1980s, Kawasaki developed an indigenous intermediate jet trainer and liaison aircraft, the T-4. Manufacture was performed by a consortium consisting of Mitsubishi, Fuji, and Kawasaki, the latter providing leadership over the venture.[9] The final assembly line for the type was established at Kawasaki's plant in Gifu, capable of producing a maximum of two and a half aircraft per month.[10] In addition to economic and performance consideration, the T-4's design had to incorporate political desires as well; significant emphasis had been placed upon powering it with the first all-Japanese production turbofan engine, the Ishikawajima-Harima F3-IHI-30.[11] According to aerospace publication Flight International, it was considered plausible for the T-4 to have been a competitive product upon the global trainer aircraft market, but such opportunities were denied by a long-standing Japanese policy that forbid military export sales.[12]
On 18 September 1992, Kawasaki was appointed by the Ministry of Defense to produce the OH-1, an indigenously designed armed observation and light attack helicopter.[13][14] It was responsible for manufacturing 50 per cent of the airframe, as well as coordinating development of its rotor system; the remaining airframe elements were manufactured by Mitsubishi and Fuji.[15] During June 1998, after finalising a production contract and receipt of an initial order earlier that year, series production of the OH-1 officially commenced.[16][17] By the late 1990s, the JGSDF had announced that its plans to eventually procure between 150[14] and 250 OH-Xs to meet its requirements.[15][16] Kawasaki has proposed multiple derivatives of the OH-1, including a utility variant intended to replace the JGSDF's fleet of Fuji-built Bell UH-1J Iroquois helicopters,[18] and an attack-oriented version tentatively designated as the AH-2.[19][20]
During the 2000s, the company developed two closely related multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft, the
Kawasaki produced the
In the commercial aviation business, KHI has been involved in the joint international development and production of multiple large passenger aircraft. It is involved in joint development and production of the
Kawasaki also works for the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It was responsible for the development and production of the payload fairings, payload attach fittings (PAF) and the construction of the launch complex for the H-II rocket. KHI continues to provide services for the H-IIA rocket.[citation needed]
Main products
- Aircraft
- Kawasaki C-1 - twin-turbofan military transport
- Kawasaki C-2 - advanced military transport
- Kawasaki KAT-1 - primary training aircraft
- Kawasaki KH-4 - light utility helicopter
- Kawasaki OH-1 - light reconnaissance helicopter
- OH-6 Cayuse light reconnaissance helicopter
- Kawasaki P-1 - advanced maritime patrol aircraft
- Kawasaki P-2J - maritime patrol aircraft
- Kawasaki T-4 - intermediate jet trainer
- Kawasaki YPX - proposed airliner
- MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 - utility, transport helicopter
- Space systems
- Simulators
- Jet engines
- Missiles
- Type 64 MAT - anti-tank missile
- Type 79 Jyu-MAT - anti-tank/landing-craft missile
- Type 87 Chu-MAT - anti-tank missile
- Type 96 Multi-Purpose Missile System - anti-tank/landing-craft missile
- Type 01 LMAT - anti-tank missile
- Middle range Multi-Purpose missile
- Electronic equipment
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- Kawasaki KAQ-1 - aerial target drone
References
Citations
- ISBN 9780850451634.
- ^ Endres 1996, p. 22.
- ^ Taylor 1966, p. 107.
- ^ Mercado, Steven C. (September 1995). "The YS-11 Project and Japan's Aerospace Potential". www.jpri.org. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
- ^ Odagiri, Odagiri and Akira 1996, pp. 224-225.
- ^ Air International April 1989, p. 163.
- ^ a b McCellan 1986, p. 66.
- ^ Air International April 1989, p. 164.
- ^ Middleton and Lowe 1988, p. 20.
- ^ Middleton and Lowe 1988, p. 21.
- ^ Middleton and Lowe 1988, p. 19.
- ^ Middleton and Lowe 1988, p. 17.
- ^ "OH-1 Light Observation Helicopter." Kawasaki, Retrieved: 26 June 2016.
- ^ a b Aoki 1999, pp. 37–44.
- ^ a b "Rotorcraft Forecast: Kawasaki OH-1." Forecast International, September 2013.
- ^ a b Taylor 1999, p. 305.
- ^ Lewis, Paul. "First OH-1 scout helicopters poised for series production." Flight International, 29 April 1998.
- ^ "KHI prepares bid for UH-X." Flight International, 14 June 2005.
- ^ Lewis, Paul. "Japan eyes attack helicopter." Flight International, 31 July 1996.
- ^ "Japan ready to flight test attack helicopter." Flight International, 7 October 1998.
- ^ a b c d "Sky-High Expectations for Japan's P-X and C-X Aircraft." Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Kawasaki Heavy Industries Scope Quarterly Newsletter, No.73. October 2007.
- ^ "P-1&C-X development reference paper." TRDI Defense Technology Symposium, 2007. pp. 4–6.
- ^ "中日新聞:<蜜月の終焉> ミライズに固執:防衛利権 蜜月の構図(CHUNICHI Web)." Archived 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine Chunichi Shimbun, 2008.
- ^ "Kawasaki Delivers First Mass-produced C-2 Transport Aircraft to JASDF" (Press release). Kawasaki Heavy Industries. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- ^ "Milestone RTM322 Engine goes to Japan Defense Agency". KHI. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
- ^ "MCH-101 Airborne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM)". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
- ^ "First MCH-101 Helicopter Goes to Japan Defense Agency". KHI. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
- ^ Waldron, Greg (25 October 2011). "Japan selects Northrop mine-hunting gear for MCH101 fleet". Flight International. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ^ Kawasaki Heavy Industries Showcasing MCH-101 Mine Warfare Helicopter Archived 18 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Navyrecognition.com, 14 June 2017
Bibliography
- Aoki, Yoshimoto. "Kawasaki OH-1". World Air Power Journal. Volume 38, Autumn/Fall 1999. London:Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-86184-035-7. ISSN 0959-7050. pp. 36–45.
- "BK 117...a Terrestrial Space Ship". ISSN 0306-5634. pp. 163–170.
- Endres, Günter. "NAMC YS-11: The Japanese Commuter". ISSN 0306-5634.
- McCellan, J. Mac. "Paramedic." ISSN 0015-4806.
- Middleton, Peter and Janice Lowe. "XT-4: potent with potential." Flight International, 9 January 1988. pp. 17–21.
- Odagiri, Hiroyuki., Goto Odagiri and Akira Gotō. "Technology and Industrial Development in Japan." Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-1982-8802-6
- Taylor, Michael J.H. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000. London:Brassey's, 1999. ISBN 1-85753-245-7.
- Taylor, John W. R. (1966). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company.