Kazakhstan in the Russian Empire

Jüzes were dependant on Oirat

In 1730

Petropavlovsk.^[3] In 1824, the Russians abolished the khanate of the Middle Jüz.^[4] The Senior Jüz managed to remain independent until the 1820s, when the expanding Kokand Khanate

to the south forced the Senior Jüz khans to choose Russian protection, which seemed to be the lesser of two evils.

The

Makhambet Utemisuly in 1836–1838 and the war led by Eset Kotibaruli in 1847–1858 were some of such events of anti-colonial resistance.^[5]

In 1863

Governor-Generalship) of Russian Turkestan and that of the Steppe. Most of present-day Kazakhstan was in the Steppe District, and parts of present-day southern Kazakhstan, including Almaty

(Verny), were in the Governor-Generalship.

In the early 19th century, the construction of Russian forts began to have a destructive effect on the Kazakh traditional economy by limiting the once-vast territory over which the nomadic tribes could drive their herds and flocks. The final disruption of

Petr Stolypin

, putting immense pressure on the traditional Kazakh way of life by occupying grazing land and using scarce water resources. The Russian settlements have distorted the fundamentally important routes of nomadic seasonal repositioning that Kazakhs have employed for many centuries. Russian appropriation of Kazakh-raised livestock was not uncommon, as was forced separation of young Kazakh women from the tribes to work as slaves or as entertainers.

Starving and displaced, many Kazakhs joined in the general

Mongolia

. Some have succeeded, but many have failed and died in travel.