Lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonates

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Lanthanide triflates are

ferric chloride, but they are water-tolerant (stable in water). Commonly written as Ln(OTf)3·(H2O)9 the nine waters are bound to the lanthanide, and the triflates are counteranions, so more accurately lanthanide triflate nonahydrate is written as [Ln(H2O)9](OTf)3.[1]

Synthesis

Lanthanide triflates are synthesized from lanthanide oxide and aqueous triflic acid:[2]

Ln2O3 + 6HOTf + 18H2O → 2[Ln(H2O)9](OTf)3 + 3H2O

Anhydrous lanthanide triflates can be produced by dehydrating their hydrated counterparts by heating between 180 and 200 °C under reduced pressure:[citation needed]

[Ln(H2O)9](OTf)3 → Ln(OTf)3 + 9H2O

Example reactions

Friedel-Crafts reactions

Lanthanide triflates are proposed for

Friedel-Crafts acylations and alkylations, which are often carried out with AlCl3 as the catalyst in an organic solvent. The nature of the Friedel-Craft reaction, especially the acylation, forces the AlCl3 to irreversibly complex with any oxygen-containing group in the product, with the only way of decomplexing it being to destroy the AlCl3 part with water altogether. An estimated 0.9 kg of AlCl3 is wasted per kilogram of typical product- it is hydrolysed into Al2O3 and the extremely corrosive HCl.[3]

In contrast, lanthanide triflates' complexes with the product are easily separated by water, and the lanthanide triflate hydrate thus formed can be simply heated to boil the water away (This does not work for aluminium chloride due to loss of HCl; same goes for the lanthanide chlorides, hence the necessity of the triflate counterion). This avoids the need to use organic solvents- one can just use water as the solvent.

Ln(OTf)3 catalysts are used for

esterifications.[4]

Other C-C bond-forming reactions

La(OTf)3 catalysts have been used for

allylation reactions.[5] Some reactions require a mixed solvent, such as aqueous formaldehyde, although Kobayashi et al. have developed alternative surfactant-water systems.[6]

diastereo-specific product.[5]

C-N bond-forming reactions

Lanthanide triflates can be used to synthesize pyridine by catalysing either the condensation of aldehydes and amines, or the

aza Diels-Alder reaction catalytic synthesis. Again, water can be used as a solvent, and high yields can be achieved under mild conditions.[7]

para-isomer is the desired product, but standard systems have poor selectivity. As for acylation, the reaction is normally quenched with water, and creates copious acidic waste. Using a La(OTf)3 catalyst in place of sulfuric acid reduces this waste considerably. Clark et al. report 90% conversion using just 1 mol% of ytterbium triflate in weak nitric acid, generating only a small volume of acidic waste.[3]

Green catalysts

Lanthanide triflates are stable in water, so avoid the need for organic solvents, and can be recovered for reuse.[8] on their catalytic effect in water, the range of researched applications for La(OTf)3 catalysts has exploded.[6] [9] [10]

See also

References

  1. doi:10.1071/CH9830483
    .
  2. doi:10.1021/jo00092a017
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-632-05715-3
    .
  4. doi:10.1039/a606484a
    .
  5. ^ a b Engberts, J., Feringa, B., Keller, E. & Otto, S. 1996, “Lewis-acid Catalysis of Carbon Carbon Bond Forming Reactions in Water”, Recuil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 115(11-12), 457-464
  6. ^
    S2CID 16770637
    .
  7. ^ Wenhua Xie; Yafei Jin; Peng George Wang (1999). "Lanthanide triflates as unique Lewis acids". Chemtech. 29 (2): 23–29.
  8. doi:10.1021/ja00011a030
    .
  9. ^ Shu Kobayashi† and Kei Manabe. Green Lewis acid catalysis in organic synthesis. Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 72, No. 7, pp. 1373–1380, 2000.
  10. ^ Waller, F.J.; Barrett. A.G.M.; Braddock, D.C.; Ramprasad, D. "Lanthanide (III) Triflates as Recyclable Catalysts for Atom Economic Aromatic Nitration." Chem. Commun. 1997, 613-614.
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