Lines of Communication (London)

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A model of the fortifications built around London during the English Civil War viewed from the east.[1]

The Lines of Communication were English Civil War fortifications commissioned by Parliament (see the Order for intrenching and fortifying the City of London, 7 March 1643)[2] and built around London between 1642 and 1643 to protect the capital from attack by the Royalist armies of Charles I.[3][4] It acted to supplement the inner defences provided by Roman and medieval wall in the City of London which underwent repairs and maintenance at this time.


In 1642 some basic fortifications were built, in the form of street barricades and small earthworks. In 1643 a major construction effort was made, to provide a comprehensive ring of fortifications around the city. Much of the work was done by volunteer labour, organized by the

livery companies. Up to 20,000 people are thought to be involved, and the works were completed in under two months.[5]
The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647,[6] and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.[7]

The Works

George Vertue's 1738 plan of the London Lines of Communication

These works principally consisted of a strong earthen rampart reinforced with a series of 23 fortifications of various types surrounding the whole City, and its liberties (including

Tabard Street) on the Deptford Road (now Old Kent Road), then inclining to the north-east, joined the Thames nearly opposite to the point where it began.[8]

The major fortifications were anti-clockwise from the north-east bank of the Thames:[9]

East

Main article: Whitechapel Mount

North

West

South of the Thames

Notes

  1. ^ The model/sculpture by craft:pegg, located in Bishops Square, Spitalfields Market
  2. New Style
    )
  3. ^ Spitalfields Public Art 2007-08, http://www.spitalfields.co.uk/, Retrieved 2008-11-23 See the section "1. Craft:Pegg"
  4. ^ David Flintham Whitechapel Mount and the London Hospital, THHOL, 1999. Retrieved 2008-11-23
  5. ^ David Flintham. Civil War fortifications of London, Fortified Places Archived 2008-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, 13 July 2009
  6. ISBN 1-84176-604-6. p. 57
  7. ^ David Flintham. Civil War fortifications of London, Fortified Places Archived 2008-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, 18 August 2008. Citing:
    • The English Civil War - A Contemporary Account, Caliban Books, London, (1996), Vol. 3, p. 33.
    • Whitelocke, in Victor T. C. Smith The Defences of London During the English Civil War, Fort, Volume 25, Fortress Study Group, (1997). p. 79.
  8. ^ Brayley 1810, 352,353 footnote
  9. ^ See Vertues map at fortified places.com

References

  • Brayley, Edward Wedlake (1810). "Middlesex, section 1". The Beauties of England and Wales, or, Delineations, topographical, historical, and descriptive, of each county. Vol. X. London: Printed by Thomas Maiden, for Vernor and Hood [and 6 others].

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lines of Communication (London).
  • Cooke, GSC (1931). "Some notes on the Commonwealth defences of London". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. London, England: Society for Army Historical Research: 176.
  • Lithgow, William (1643), "The present surveigh of London and England's state", in Somers, J. Somers (ed.), A collection of scarce and valuable tracts..., vol. 4, pp. 534–545
  • Mannes-Abbott, Guy (Spring 2001). "'forting' london: rebel city 2001". AA Files (42). Architectural Association School of Architecture.
  • Papillon, David (1646), A Practical Abstract of the Arts of Fortification and Assailing
  • Smith, Victor T.C. (1997), "The defences of London during the English Civil War", The International Journal of Fortification and Military Architecture, 25, Fortress Study Group {{citation}}: External link in |journal= (help)
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