Lordship of Tyre
The Lordship of Tyre was a semi-independent domain in the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1246 to 1291.
Background
The town of Tyre was an important port on the Palestinian coast of the Fatimid Caliphate in the late 11th century.[1] The town was located on a peninsula that a narrow strip of land linked to the mainland.[2] Tyre was surrounded by impressive walls, but its burghers provided the crusaders with food when they invaded Palestine in May 1099, because the townspeople wanted to avoid an armed conflict with these Christians who had departed from Europe to Jerusalem in 1096.[3] In two months, the crusaders captured Jerusalem.[4] Pisan, Genoese and Venetian fleets supported them to conquer most Fatimid ports on the Western coast of the Mediterranean Sea during the next decade.[5] Caesarea surrendered to them in 1101, Acre in 1104, Tripoli in 1109, and Beirut and Sidon in 1110.[6]
The first
The
The Venetians and the Franks laid
To fulfill her military obligations to the king, the Republic of Venice granted hereditary estates in her fief to Venetian patricians with the obligation to provide military service as horsemen in case of a war.[14] Initially, the Venetians owed the service of at least five knights, but it was reduced to three by the 1180s, most probably as a consequence of the loss of Venetian properties to the monarchs.[21] The Venetians were also deprived of their share of the tolls collected at the land gate of Tyre in the 1130s.[20]
Territory
Covering a rectangular area of about 450 km2 (110,000 acres), the lordship was one of the smallest domains in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[22] The Qassimiye River formed its northern border.[22] The lordship's southern border was located about 15 km to the south of Tyre.[22] Its eastern boundary run about 20 km from the coast.[22] The lordship consisted of a narrow strip of land along the coast and a hilly western region.[23] Documents from the crusader period list more than 110 villages and hamlets in the lordship, but the actual number of settlements was a slightly higher.[24] Most villages were located in the western region.[24]
The Venetian patricians' fiefs consisted of estates in the countryside and a house in the Venetian district of Tyre, and some of them also included a share of communal revenues.[25] Vitale Pantaleo received two villages (Dairrham and Gaifiha), and one-third of two other villages (Maharona and Cafardan) in addition to a house in the town and 60 bezants from the tolls collected at the market of musical instruments.[26] His house was held by the husband of a woman from the Pantaleo family in the 1240s.[27] A member of the Contarini family, Rolando, received 12 villages and a share in four other villages, in addition to his house in the town.[28] For Contarini died childless before 1158, the Venetian bailli demanded the return of his fief from his widow, Guida Gradenigo, but she resisted and bequeathed her husband's estates to the king to secure royal protection.[29][30] Guida was a wealthy widow: she held a whole village, one third of four additional villages and a house in Tyre on her own right.[29] After her death, her late husbands' rural estates were seized by the monarch.[29]
Montfort lordship
In 1242, during the
In 1258, during the War of Saint Sabas, Philip expelled the Venetians from Tyre. Thereafter, Tyre was the headquarters of the Genoese in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, as Acre, from which they had been expelled, was of the Venetians.[31]
In 1268, King
As an indication of their independence, Philip and John minted copper coins and made treaties with the Muslims.
John and Margaret had no children, and upon John's death in 1283 Tyre escheated to the crown. Unable to pay the indemnity, Hugh reached an agreement with John's younger brother Humphrey, who was to hold Tyre provisionally until the indemnity was paid and, if it was not paid by May 1284, hold it permanently. Both Hugh and Humphrey died before that date and Tyre escheated. It is not known if the indemnity was paid to Humphrey's heirs.[31]
In the late 1280s, King
Lords of Tyre
- Tyre is part of the royal domain (1124–1129)[35]
- Fulk of Anjou (1129–1131)[35]
- Tyre is part of the royal domain (1131–1187)[35]
- Conrad of Montferrat, de facto (1187–1190),[citation needed] de jure (1190–1192)[35]
- Tyre is part of the royal domain (1192–1246)[35]
- Philip of Montfort (1246–1269)[33]
- John of Montfort (1269–1283)[33]
- Humphrey of Montfort (1283–1284)[34]
- Tyre is part of the royal domain (1284–1289)[34]
- Amalric of Lusignan (1289–1291)[34]
References
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 47.
- ^ a b Maalouf 1984, p. 89.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, pp. 47, 89.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 50.
- ^ Jotischky 2017, p. 67.
- ^ a b c Maalouf 1984, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Prawer 1998, pp. 143–144.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 90.
- ^ Jacoby 2016, p. 182.
- ^ Jotischky 2017, p. 79.
- ^ a b Maalouf 1984, p. 95.
- ^ Jotischky 2017, pp. 162–163.
- ^ Jotischky 2017, pp. 163–164.
- ^ a b c d e Jacoby 2016, p. 183.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 96.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Prawer 1998, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Maalouf 1984, p. 97.
- ^ Prawer 1998, pp. 146–147.
- ^ a b c Jacoby 2016, p. 186.
- ^ Jacoby 2016, p. 188.
- ^ a b c d Prawer 1998, p. 145.
- ^ Prawer 1998, p. 146.
- ^ a b Prawer 1998, p. 148.
- ^ Jacoby 2016, pp. 183–184.
- ^ Jacoby 2016, p. 184.
- ^ Jacoby 2016, pp. 181, 184.
- ^ Jacoby 2016, pp. 186–187.
- ^ a b c Jacoby 2016, p. 187.
- ^ Prawer 1998, p. 149.
- ^ a b c d e Edbury 2001, pp. 25–26.
- ^ Metcalf 1995, p. 96.
- ^ a b c Edbury 1993, p. 91.
- ^ a b c d Edbury 1993, pp. 97–98.
- ^ a b c d e Prawer 1998, p. 144.
Sources
- Edbury, Peter W. (1993). The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374. Cambridge University Press.
- Edbury, Peter W. (2001). "The De Montforts in the Latin East". Thirteenth Century England. 8: 23–32.
- Jacoby, David (2016). "The Venetian presence in the crusader Lordship of Tyre: A tale of decline". In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.). The Crusader World. Routledge. pp. 181–194. ISBN 978-0-415-82494-1.
- Jotischky, Andrew (2017). Crusading and the Crusader States. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-80806-5.
- ISBN 978-0-86356-023-1.
- Metcalf, D. M. (1995). Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford. Royal Numismatic Society.
- ISBN 0-19-822536-9.