Māgha Pūjā

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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Buddhist All Saints Day" redirects here. For the Japanese festival, see
Bon Festival
.
This article is about the Buddhist festival in Southeast and South Asia. For the Hindu festival in the same Māgha month, see Makar Sankranti.

Māgha Pūjā
merit-making activities
DateFull moon day of the 3rd lunar month
2024 date24 February[2]
Related toChotrul Duchen (in Tibet)
Daeboreum (in Korea)
Koshōgatsu (in Japan)
Lantern Festival (in China)
Tết Nguyên Tiêu (in Vietnam)[3]

Māgha Pūjā (also written as Makha Bucha Day) is a

Pāli term Māgha-pūraṇamī is also used for the celebration, meaning 'to honor on the full moon of the third lunar month'.[9] Finally, some authors referred to the day as the Buddhist All Saints Day.[10][11]

In pre-modern times, Māgha Pūjā has been celebrated by some Southeast Asian communities. But it became widely popular in the modern period, when it was instituted in Thailand by

merit-making activities, such as alms giving, meditation and listening to teachings. It has been proposed in Thailand as a more spiritual alternative to the celebration of Valentine's Day
.

Etymology and date

Māgha is derived from the name of the third month in the traditional

a star, which during this period is close to the full moon.[12] Māgha Pūjā is held on the full moon day. In a leap year, the celebration will be postponed to the full moon day of the fourth lunar month.[9]

Themes

Bamboo trees
The meeting that is celebrated on Māgha Pūjā was held in Veḷuvana [th] grove, near Rājagaha (present Rajgir) in northern India

Māgha Pūjā day marks an event occurring at the

enlightenment of the Buddha. The traditional story goes that a meeting was held in the afternoon, that had four characteristics, known as the cāturaṅgasannipāta [th]:[14]

  1. 1,250 disciples came to see the Buddha that evening without being summoned;
    Sāriputta and Mogallāna.[15]
  2. All of them were Arahants, enlightened disciples;[7]
  3. All had been
    ordained by the Buddha himself, and therefore were his direct spiritual descendants;[7][16]
  4. It was the full-moon day of the third lunar month.[7]

Because of these four factors, Māgha Pūjā is also known as the Fourfold Assembly Day. On this occasion, the Buddha taught those arahants a summary of Buddhism, called the Ovādapātimokkha.[1] In these, three principles were given:

"The non-doing of evil / the full performance of what is wholesome / the total purification of the mind."[17][18]

This is followed by a formulation of Buddhist ideals:[19]

"

ascetic if one harms another."[20]

Finally, the last stanza is about the path of religious practice:[19]

"Not abusing, not injuring, and restraint under the

rules of discipline, and knowing moderation in eating, and secluded lodgings, and exertion in respect of higher thought, this is the teaching of the awakened ones."[20]

According to the

monastic code of discipline by the Saṅgha themselves.[21] On Māgha Pūjā today, Buddhists celebrate the creation of an ideal and exemplary community.[1]

Māgha Pūjā is also the day that the Buddha is believed to have announced in

Vesālī that he would die (parinibbāna) in three months, and after the announcement a supernatural earthquake followed.[22] Moreover, In Sri Lanka, it is considered the day that the Buddha appointed his two main disciples, the monks Sāriputta and Moggallāna.[23][24] Apart from the religious meaning, Māgha Pūjā also reflects the Southeast Asian agricultural year, as it is celebrated after the harvest.[17]

History

Rama IV

Little is known on how traditional Buddhist societies celebrated this event in pre-modern times, but Māgha Pūjā was recognized and celebrated in

Rama V (1853–1910) expanded the practice and organized it as a national celebration in the Temple of the Emerald Buddha.[29] In 1913, he officially established it as a public holiday,[30] as he started to organize the ceremonies in other places than the palace.[27] By 1937, the ceremony was widely held and observed in Thailand, but by 1957, it had fallen out of usage. Supreme Patriarch-to-be Plod Kittisobhano [th] helped to revive it.[31] From Thailand, the practice spread to neighboring countries which have a majority of Theravāda Buddhists.[32]

Celebrations and observances

Māgha Pūjā is a day that laypeople make

Buddhist chants. Also, devotees will sometimes release animals from captivity.[39] Moreover, devotees uphold and reflect on the five Buddhist moral precepts on this day, which includes avoiding intoxicants.[40] Māgha Pūjā is celebrated most extensively in Thailand,[41] but it is a national holiday in most Southeast Asian countries,[42] such as Laos and Myanmar.[43]

Thailand

Uttaradit Province, Thailand
.

In Thailand, Māgha Pūjā is designated as a national holiday,

ubosot called a wian thian (wian meaning to circle around; thian meaning candle).[47] Furthermore, people will make merit by going to temples and by joining in with activities.[48] Other popular ways to spend one's time in the week of Māgha Pūjā, as found in a 2019 poll by the Suan Dusit University [th] among 5,335 respondents of different ages:[49]

Way to spend time Percent (self-reported)
To give alms to monks 56%
To make merit 55%
To abstain from entertainment, nightlife or gambling 48%
To persuade friends and family to visit the temple together 45%
To join the candle procession at the temple 44%
To listen to Buddhist sermons 35%
To give food to monks at the temple 28%
To uphold the five or eight precepts 26%
To meditate 26%
To recite Buddhist chants 21%

At times, special events are also held, such as a recital of the entire

Buddhist scriptures and ceremonies for avowing oneself as a Buddhist lay person.[50] The Dhammakaya Temple is particularly known for its visually grand celebration.[51][52]

In

Buddhist relics are usually worshiped during the Māgha period.[53]

A youth program held in Thailand. The youth are joining in with a Māgha Pūjā celebration.

In 2003, a

parliamentary question was raised by Premsak Phiayura [th], House of Representatives, requesting a Day of Gratitude, to express the importance of gratitude in Thai history and culture. Uraiwan Thianthong [th], the then Minister of Culture, felt this was unnecessary, since "there are quite a lot of occasions" in the Thai calendar to express gratitude.[54] However, in 2006, the government of Thailand made an announcement that Māgha Pūjā should from then on be celebrated as a "national day of gratitude".[48] This was intended as an alternative to Valentine's Day, in which Thai youth often aim to lose their virginity.[48] Māgha Pūjā was therefore presented as a day of spiritual love and gratitude instead.[48] To what extent Thai people are well informed about Māgha Pūjā is in dispute: in 2017, the National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA) held a poll among 1,250 subjects of diverse backgrounds and found that 58 percent of Thai did not know why Māgha Pūjā was important in Buddhism, and 75 percent did not know it had been branded as a day of gratitude.[55] However, the Dusit poll showed that 75 percent of the respondents was able to tell that Māgha Pūjā was the day the Buddha taught the Ovādapātimokkha to his disciples, and 66 percent knew that it was the day that 1,250 of the Buddha's disciples came together spontaneously.[49]

Cambodia

Mountain covered with jungle, and ancient pagodas
Alms offerings are held on Oudong Hill

In Cambodia, various celebrations are held during the Māgha Pūjā day. Ceremonies are held at

Cambodian government removed Māgha Pūjā from the list of national holidays to increase the country's competitiveness, because the number of holidays had become too high.[59]

Myanmar (Burma)

In Myanmar, Māgha Pūjā (

Botahtaung Pagoda and the Sule Pagoda are also much visited.[66] Furthermore, the Kyaiktiyo Pagoda is very popular, and thousands of candles are lit around the boulder below the pagoda.[67]

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, Māgha Pūjā is also observed.[23][68] In the evening, a procession (Sinhala language: perahera) with approximately 5,000 people and many elephants is held, called Gangarama Navam. This tradition started in Sri Lanka in the 1980s, and lasts for two days. Monks walk in the procession as well, chanting paritta texts. Dancers from multiple religious traditions perform during the walk.[69]

Other regions

Chinese communities celebrate a similar festival.[43] In addition, Māgha Pūjā has become a popular event among Buddhist converts in the West, who consider it a day of exchanging gifts.[70]

See also

  • Visakha Puja
  • Asalha Puja
  • Chotrul Duchen, a festival celebrated in Tibet as an Uposatha day and falls on around the same day as Māgha Pūjā
  • First Full Moon Festival, a festival celebrated in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam as an Uposatha day and to mark the end of the Lunar New Year, falling on or around the same day as Māgha Pūjā

Notes

  1. Sanskrit: karma) done through physical action, words, or thought.[33][34] Internally, merit makes the mind happy and virtuous.[35][36] Externally, present good circumstances, such as a long life, health and wealth, as well as the character and abilities someone is born with, arise from merits done in the past and vice versa, with demerits.[33][37]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Sangha Day". BBC. 7 May 2004. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018.
  2. Thai PBS (in Thai). 14 February 2024. Archived
    from the original on 15 February 2024.
  3. ISBN 978-1-4566-2227-5
    .
  4. Dotdash. Archived
    from the original on 17 October 2018.
  5. ^ Splendid Moons.
  6. ^ Splendid Moons.
  7. ^ a b c d Irons 2008, p. 199.
  8. ^ Bellenir 2004, p. 218.
  9. ^ a b c Pengvipas 2013, p. 47.
  10. ^ Wells 1939, p. 79.
  11. ^ Ling & Axelrod 1979.
  12. ^ a b Wells 1939, p. 78.
  13. ^ Melton 2011, p. 538, Magha Puja Day.
  14. ^ Pengvipas 2013, p. 48.
  15. ^ Polsompop, Thawee (11 March 2018). "Makha Bucha" มาฆบูชา [Māgha Pūjā]. Matichon (in Thai). Archived from the original on 22 January 2019.
  16. ^ Bhaskar 2009, pp. 259–60.
  17. ^ a b Swearer 2010, p. 38.
  18. ^ Melton 2011, p. 538, Māgha Pūjā.
  19. ^ a b Pengvipas 2013, pp. 50–1.
  20. ^ a b Norman 1997, p. 28.
  21. ^ Payutto 1993, p. 575.
  22. ^ See Bhaskar (2009, pp. 259–60), Ling & Axelrod (1979, p. 70) and Polsompop, Thawee (11 March 2018). มาฆบูชา [Māgha Pūjā]. Matichon (in Thai). Retrieved 22 January 2019. Only the last source mentions Vesālī and the earthquake.
  23. ^
    Sunday Times. Archived
    from the original on 22 January 2019.
  24. ^ Epasinghe, Premasara (29 January 2010). "Why Navam Poya is important?". The Island (Sri Lanka). Archived from the original on 13 February 2017.
  25. ^ Premchit & Dore 1992, p. 132.
  26. Thai Rath (in Thai). 1 March 2017. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. For the year, see Daniels, Gulevich & Thompson (2009, p. 535). For the claim about the first celebration, see Prawat Kanprakop Phiti Makha Bucha ประวัติการประกอบพิธีมาฆบูชา [History of holding the Māgha Pūjā celebration]. Office for the Development of National Identity. 1981. Archived from the original
    on 2 May 2017.
  27. ^ a b Prawat Kanprakop Phiti Makha Bucha ประวัติการประกอบพิธีมาฆบูชา [History of holding the Māgha Pūjā celebration]. Office for the Development of National Identity. 1981. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. เป็นการประชุมใหญ่ และเป็นการอัศจรรย์ในพระพุทธศาสนา นักปราชญ์จึงได้ถือเอาเหตุนั้น ประกอบการสักการบูชาพระพุทธเจ้าและพระอรหันต์ ๑,๒๕๐ พระองค์นั้น ให้เป็นที่ตั้งแห่งความเลื่อมใสและสังเวช
  28. Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai). 32 (27): 2920. 27 February 1915. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2019 and "Prawat Kanprakop Phiti Makha Bucha" ประวัติการประกอบพิธีมาฆบูชา [History of holding the Māgha Pūjā celebration]. Office for the Development of National Identity. 1999. Archived from the original
    on 2 May 2017. For the representative, see the Gazette and the ODNI. Pengvipas has 31 monks, the ODNI has 30, whereas the Gazette mentions 30 monks and a leading monk.
  29. ^ For the celebration in the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, see Melton (2011, pp. 538, 699, Māgha Pūjā Day, Ploughing Day). For the centralization, see Swearer (2001, p. 202).
  30. Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai). 30 (30): 533–534. 30 March 1913. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on November 8, 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  31. ^ For 1937, see Wells (1939, p. 79, n.1). For 1957, see Premchit & Dore (1992, pp. 128–129).
  32. ^ For the history. see Melton (2011, pp. 538, 699, Māgha Pūjā Day, Ploughing Day). For the Theravāda countries, see Ruiz-Canela, Gaspar (23 February 2016). "Los budistas celebran el "Magha Puja" en el Sudeste Asiático" [In Southeast Asia, Buddhists celebrate Māgha Pūjā]. Efe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  33. ^ a b Terwiel 1976.
  34. ^ Egge 2013, p. 21.
  35. ^ Keyes 1983, p. 268.
  36. ^ Cate & Lefferts 2006, p. 589.
  37. ^ Williams 2008, p. 158.
  38. ^ "Makha Bucha: la Thaïlande célèbre le sermon du Bouddha le 19 février" [Makha Bucha: Thailand celebrates the sermon of the Buddha on 19 February]. Le Petit Journal (in French). 18 February 2019.
  39. ^ See Bhaskar (2009, pp. 259–60). For the food, meditation, chants and animals, see Daniels, Gulevich & Thompson (2009, p. 535).
  40. ^ Daniels, Gulevich & Thompson 2009, p. 535.
  41. ^ a b Melton 2011, p. 539, Magha Puja Day.
  42. ^ Ling & Axelrod 1979, p. 70.
  43. ^ a b c d "Banyakat wan Makha Bucha nai Yangoon" บรรยากาศวันมาฆบูชาในย่างกุ้ง [Atmosphere on Māgha Pūjā Day in Yangoon]. New 18 (in Thai). 2018. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019.
  44. ^ Tetsunori, 幸泉 & コイズミ 2004, p. 182.
  45. Thai Rath (in Thai). 19 February 2016. Archived
    from the original on 3 May 2017.
  46. Xinhua. Archived from the original
    on February 19, 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  47. Thai Rath (in Thai). 1 March 2017. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018 and Daniels, Gulevich & Thompson (2009, p. 535). For the differences between urban and rural temples, see Premchit & Dore (1992
    , p. 129).
  48. ^
    Thai Rath (in Thai). 1 March 2017. Archived
    from the original on 1 March 2018.
  49. ^ a b "Pol Wan Makha Bucha prachachon sonchai thue sin 5 - khao wat" โพล'วันมาฆบูชา'ประชาชนสนใจถือศีล5-เข้าวัด [Poll shows that people are interested in upholding the five precepts and visiting the temple on Makha Bucha Day]. Daily News (in Thai). 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019.
  50. ^ Jaichalard, Pakamard (28 February 2007). "Complete Tripitaka reading in honour of HM the King". The Nation. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015.
  51. ^ Ruiz-Canela, Gaspar (23 February 2016). "Los budistas celebran el "Magha Puja" en el Sudeste Asiático" [In Southeast Asia, Buddhists celebrate "Magha Puja"]. Efe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  52. ^ Taylor, Alan (5 March 2015). "The Symmetry and Shapes of Makha Bucha at Wat Dhammakaya". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016.
  53. ^ Premchit & Dore 1992, pp. 129, 131, note 2, 132.
  54. Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai). 120 (1120 k): 32–33. 7 November 2003. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on November 7, 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ซึ่งมีอยู่หลายวาระพอสมควร
  55. ^ "Pon chi chao phut ma sap Wan Makha Bucha mi hetkan samkan tang Phra Phuthasasana yangrai" โพลชี้ชาวพุทธไม่ทราบ“วันมาฆบูชา” มีเหตุการณ์สำคัญทางพุทธศาสนาอย่างไร [Poll shows that Buddhists don't know why Magha Puja is an important event in Buddhism]. Post Today. 10 February 2017. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017.
  56. Phnom Penh Post. Archived
    from the original on 15 October 2019.
  57. Phnom Penh Post. Archived
    from the original on 3 May 2019.
  58. Phnom Penh Post. Archived
    from the original on 15 October 2019.
  59. ^ Kunthear, Mom (7 August 2019). "6 Public holidays to be cut next year - dates announced". Khmer Times. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  60. ^ "Banned festival resumed at Shwedagon Pagoda". Mizzima News. 22 Feb 2012. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012.
  61. Myanmar Times. Archived
    from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  62. Myanmar Times. Archived from the original
    on 29 June 2013.
  63. ^ For the merits and meditation, see "Meritorious deeds performed at religious edifices throughout nation on Full Moon Day of Tabodwe". New Light of Myanmar. 19 Mar 2011. Archived from the original on November 13, 2011. For the sand pagodas, see Thiha, Nay (18 March 2019). "What to expect on Full Moon Day of Tabaung". Myanmore. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019.
  64. Myanmar Times. Archived from the original
    on 9 September 2012.
  65. Myanmar Times. Archived from the original
    on 26 September 2012.
  66. ^ Thiha, Nay (18 March 2019). "What to expect on Full Moon Day of Tabaung". Myanmore. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019.
  67. ^ "Kyaiktiyo Pagoda". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  68. ^ Cheam 2018, p. 52.
  69. Sunday Times. Archived
    from the original on 15 October 2019.
  70. ^ "Sangha Day". BBC. 7 May 2004. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018 and Melton (2011, p. 539, Magha Puja Day). For the gifts, see Kalaitzidis, Anna. "Buddhism". Learning and Teaching at UNCW. University of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011.

References

External links
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