Man After Man
ISBN 978-0713720716 | |
Man After Man: An Anthropology of the Future is a 1990 speculative evolution and science fiction book written by Scottish geologist and palaeontologist Dougal Dixon and illustrated by Philip Hood. The book also features a foreword by Brian Aldiss. Man After Man explores a hypothetical future path of human evolution set from 200 years in the future to 5 million years in the future, with several future human species evolving through genetic engineering and natural means through the course of the book.[1]
Man After Man is Dixon's third work on speculative evolution, following After Man (1981) and The New Dinosaurs (1988). Unlike the previous two books, which were written much like field guides, the focus of Man After Man lies much on the individual perspectives of future human individuals of various species. Man After Man, like its predecessors, uses its fictional setting to explore and explain real natural processes, in this case climate change through the eyes of the various human descendants in the book, who have been engineered specifically to adapt to it.
Reviews of Man After Man were generally positive, but more mixed than the previous books and criticised its scientific basis to a greater extent than that of its predecessors. Dixon himself is not fond of the book, having referred to it as a "disaster of a project". During writing, the book had changed considerably from its initial concept, which Dixon instead repurposed for his later book Greenworld (2010).
Summary
Man After Man explores an imaginary future evolutionary path of humanity, from 200 years in the future to five million years in the future. It contains several technological, social and biological concepts, most prominently genetic engineering but also parasitism, slavery, and elective surgery. As a result of mankind's technological prowess, evolution is accelerated, producing several species with varying intraspecific relations, many of them unrecognizable as humans.[2]
Instead of the field guide-like format of Dixon's previous books, After Man (1981) and The New Dinosaurs (1988), and instead of the conventional narrative style of most science fiction works, the book is told through short stories, isolated sequences of dramatic events in the lives of select individuals of the future human species imagined by Dixon. The genetically engineered humans of the future, in total numbering about 40 species through the book, occur in several different and diverse forms, with genetically engineered forms first being slave races created to survive underwater and in space without the need of protective gear and suits, described as the "ultimate triumphs of the genetic engineer".[3][4]
Eventually, modern humanity dies out and technology disappears. With subsequent human species having been engineered to be unintelligent and animal-like in order to repopulate the Earth's ecosystems, concepts like culture and civilization disappear and the lives of most human descendants revolve around gathering food and surviving the harsh conditions of nature.[3][4] Eventually, as the creatures start to rediscover technology and civilization, they are visited by the descendants of people who fled the planet for space, millions of years ago. The alien humans enslave the earth humans, using genetic engineering to turn them into pack animals and food. Having plundered the planet's resources, they eventually leave, leaving the earth uninhabitable by humans, save for some who now dwell in the ocean's depths.
Development
Dixon's previous
Man After Man follows in the same tradition, though the process to be explained changed during production of the book. Initially, Man After Man was intended to be about mankind avoiding catastrophes such as
The original Man After Man concept, mankind destroying an established ecosystem, was later used by Dixon for another project where mankind colonized an alien planet with a complex and unique ecosystem. This project, published as the book Greenworld in 2010 (though so far only released in Japan) follows human colonization of the planet Greenworld over the course of a thousand years, showing how mankind affects its ecosystem.[5]
Reception
Like its predecessors After Man and The New Dinosaurs, Man After Man received generally positive reviews, though the science of the book was criticised in a greater extent than that featured in the preceding works. Writing for the Los Angeles Times, reviewer John Wilkes likened the future explored within Man After Man to the world of the film Blade Runner (1982) in its grim depictions of "technological progress decaying into human viciousness". Wilkes praised the introductionary chapters of the book, particularly the "easy-to-grasp and clearly illustrated" chapter on genetics. The various future human species were referred to by Wilkes as "truly wondrous" but "miserable". Wilkes also praised the "striking" illustrations by Philip Hood, particularly that of the "vacuumorph", though noted that some of his artwork was somewhat anatomically questionable and that some aspects of the book's science and technology "raised questions too involved to introduce here". He concluded that the greatest strength of the work was its ability to "compel empathy with such strange creatures".[3]
Writing for the magazine
The British palaeontologist Henry Gee gave Man After Man a negative review in Nature. Gee found the book to be a "highly improbable mess" and criticised Dixon for "skirt[ing] over the ethics" of the different societal developments explored. He also thought the book read more like the synopsis for a science fiction novel than a scientific work and found the illustrations to be "lumpen and adolescent". He further noted that he found the work to be much inferior to After Man and The New Dinosaurs and that the application of the same format, with invented Latin nomenclature for the various human species, in Man After Man was "completely ridiculous".[8]
Legacy
George Thomas Kurian and Graham T. T. Molitor listed both After Man and Man After Man as among the hundred most influential books on the future in their Encyclopedia of the Future (1996).[9] Man After Man is often characterised as "dystopian",[2][10] featuring a "freak show of genetic engineering", and as feeling more like science fiction than science, in contrast to After Man and The New Dinosaurs.[2] Some of the illustrations in Man After Man have been turned into internet memes; particularly widespread is an illustration depicting a "woodland-dweller" attacking a "tundra-dweller", with the added text "Season's Greetings".[11]
Some researchers, such as the anthropologist
See also
- Transhuman
- Posthuman
- Last and First Men (1930) by Olaf Stapledon – a book which similarly explores future humans and their descendants.
- All Tomorrows (2006) by C. M. Kosemen – another book which similarly explores future humans and their descendants.
References
- ISBN 978-0713720716.
- ^ a b c Jakub, Lucy (2018-09-19). "Wild Speculation: Evolution After Humans". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
- ^ a b c Wilkes, John (1990-09-25). "BOOK REVIEW : Hope, Despair Clash in a Fictional Future in 'Man After Man'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
- ^ a b c Langford, David (1990). "Man After Man". ansible.uk. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
- ^ a b c Naish, Darren. "Of After Man, The New Dinosaurs and Greenworld: an interview with Dougal Dixon". Scientific American Blog Network (Interview). Retrieved 2018-09-21.
- ^ "An interview with Dougal Dixon - OUGH.gr". OUGH.gr (Interview). Retrieved 2018-09-22.
- ^ "Speculative zoology". Dougal Dixon. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
- S2CID 4267519.
- ISBN 978-1-4678-0595-7.
- ^ Fish, Greg (2010-12-15). "Your dose of graphic, dystopian post-humanism". Weird Things. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ^ "Season's Greetings / Greason's". Know Your Meme. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
- ISBN 978-1452961590.
- ISBN 978-0-7735-6951-5.